IDENTIFIKASI ENDOPARASIT PADA IKAN CUPANG (Betta splendens R) DI KOTA PEKALONGAN

Abstrak Salah satu kendala dalam budidaya ikan adalah kehadiran cacing parasit pada tubuh ikan termasuk pada ikan hias jenis cupang. Namun informasi tentang keberdaaan endoparasit pada ikan hias tersebut masih terbatas. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis cacing endoparasit  yang menginfeksi ikan cupang di Kota Pekalongan. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui berapa tingkat prevalensi dan derjat infeksi  endoparasit tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 1 Desember – 15 Desember 2020. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 60 ekor adalah ikan yang menunjukan gejala sakit. Ikan dikelompokan menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan ukuran 3.5 – 4,5 cm (Kelompok I ) dan 4,6 – 5,6 (kelompok II), masing masing sebanyak 30 ekor. Pengamatan endoparasit pada ikan cupang dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Universitas Pekalongan.  Dengan  hasil  yang  di  dapat  yaitu  jenis cacing Capillaria sp dengan kelompok I prevalensi 36,5 % dan kelompok II 13.33 %. Sedangkan nilai dererajat infeksinya adalah 1,93 ekor per individu ikan atau infeksi rendah. Kata kunci : Capillaria sp, Endoparasit, Ikan Cupang Abstract One of the obstacles in aquaculture  is the presence of parasitic worms in the body of fish, including betta fish. However, information about the presence of endoparasites in ornamental fish is still limited. This study aims to determine the type of endoparasitic worm that infects betta fish in Pekalongan City. In addition, to find out what the prevalence rate and infectiin disesease degree of these endoparasites is. The study was conducted on December 1st – December 15th, 2020. The number of samples used was 60 fish that showed symptoms of illness. The fish were grouped into two groups based on the size of 3.5 – 4.5 cm (Group I ) and 4.6 – 5.6 (Group II), each with 30 fish. Observation of endoparasites in betta fish was carried out at the Biology Laboratory of Pekalongan University. With the results obtained, namely the type of worm Capillaria sp with a prevalence of 36.5% in group I and 13.33% in group II. While the value of the degree of infection is 1.93 worms per individual fish or called low infection category. Key wod: Betta fish, Cappilaria sp, Endoparasit

Positive and negative effects of antipsychotic medication: an international online survey of 832 recipients

Background: Antipsychotic medication is currently the treatment of choice for psychosis, but few studies directly survey the first hand experience of recipients. Objectives: To ascertain the experiences and opinions of users of an international sample of antipsychotic drugs regarding positive and negative effects. Method: An online direct-to-consumer questionnaire was completed by 832 users of antipsychotics, from 30 countries – predominantly USA, UK and Australia. This is the largest such sample to date. Results: Over half (56%) thought the drugs reduced the problems they were prescribed for, but 27% thought they made them worse. Slightly less people found the drugs generally ‘Helpful’ (41%) than found them ‘Unhelpful’ (43%). While 35% reported that their ‘quality of life’ was ‘improved’, 54% reported that it was made ‘worse’. The average number of adverse effects reported was 11, with an average of five at the ‘severe’ level. Fourteen effects were reported by 57% or more participants, most commonly: ‘Drowsiness, feeling tired, sedation’ (92%), ‘Loss of motivation’ (86%), ‘Slowed thoughts’ (86%), and ‘Emotional numbing’ (85%). Suicidality was reported to be a side effect by 58%. Older people reported particularly poor outcomes and high levels of adverse effects. Duration of treatment was unrelated to positive outcomes but significantly related to negative outcomes. Most respondents (70%) had tried to stop taking the drugs. The most common reasons people wanted to stop were the side effects (64%) and worries about long-term physical health (52%). Most (70%) did not recall being told anything at all about side effects. Conclusions Clinical implications are discussed, with a particular focus on the principles of informed consent, and involving patients in decision making about their own lives

Thyroid hormone stimulation of Na/Pi-cotransport in opossum kidney cells.

Thyroid hormone (T3), a known stimulator of renal proximal tubular brush border membrane Na-dependent phosphate (Pi) uptake (Na/Pi-cotransport), stimulated Na-dependent Pi transport in opossum kidney (OK) cells. Na/Pi-cotransport was stimulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner with maximal effects (57%) at 24 h and 10(-10) M T3. This stimulation was related to an increase in the apparent capacity (Vmax) of Na/Pi-cotransport. Treatment with T3 had no effect on Na-independent transport of Pi or of L-arginine. The stimulation of Na/Pi-cotransport was paralleled by an increase in the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) encoding the OK cell apical Na/Pi-cotransporter (termed NaPi-4); the mRNA levels related to the activity of Na-independent L-arginine transport (rBAT) were unaffected by T3. Actinomycin D (10(-7) M) completely prevented the stimulatory effect of T3 on OK cell Na/Pi-cotransport and on NaPi-4 mRNA content. In conclusion, T3 stimulates apical Na/Pi-cotransport in OK cells most likely by enhancing its transcription