Pemantauan Senyawa Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Ddt) dan Turunannya di Daerah Cianjur, Jawa Barat

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) merupakan senyawa organik yang relatif bertahan lama di lingkungan, sulit terdegradasi melalui proses kimia, biologi, dan fotolisis serta sukar larut di dalam air tetapi cenderung larut dalam lemak. Oleh karena sifatnya ini, POPs cenderung bersifat akumulatif dan bertahan di lingkungan. Selain itu, sen­yawa ini juga bersifat semivolatil sehingga dapat berada dalam fase uap ataupun terserap di dalam partikel debu, sehingga POPs dapat menempuh jarak yang jauh di udara (long-range air transport) sebelum akhirnya terdepo­sisi di bumi. Dari beberapa bentuk senyawa POPs, senyawa insektisida organoklorin yang paling bertahan lama dan mempunyai sifat bioakumulasi, diantaranya adalah Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( DDT ). Pemantauan kualitas lingkungan akibat pencemaran kelompok senyawa POPs, termasuk senyawa DDT dan turunannya telah dilakukan didaerah holtikultura Cianjur. Sampel diambil di beberapa lokasi yaitu PLTA Cijedil, Desa Cibeureum, Desa Sukatani, Agropolitan, dan Desa Sindang Jaya. Matriks yang diambil adalah air, sedimen sungai, dan tanah pertanian/perkebunan. Sampling air dan sedimen sungai dilakukan dengan metode sesaat sedangkan untuk tanah, menggunakan metode komposit tempat. Pemantauan ini mempunyai tujuan untuk menginventarisir jenis dan kon­sentrasi residu senyawa POPs yang terdapat di lingkungan terutama DDT dan turunannya. Isomer DDT yang paling banyak terbentuk di lingkungan adalah p,p\u27-DDT ( 80 % ) dan o,p\u27-DDT ( 20 % ). Senyawa POPs diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut organik, kemudian di clean-up dan dianalisis dengan GCMS menggunakan kolom kapiler non polar. Pada pemantauan tahun 2011, senyawa p,p\u27-DDT tidak terdeteksi dalam sampel sedimen, tetapi pada tahun 2012, ditemukan sekitar 3.7 ng/g dalam sedimen Sungai Cibeureum dekat PLTA Cijedil, Cugenang -Jawa Barat dan meningkat sebesar 6.95 ng/g pada tahun 2012 di lokasi yang sama. Masih pada tahun 2011, p,p\u27-DDT dan p,p\u27-DDE ditemukan tertinggi di tanah perkebunan Desa Sindang Jaya, Cipanas – Jawa Barat sebesar 446 ng/g, dan 184 ng/g, Tahun 2012 dan 2013 DDT dan turunannya masih terdeteksi namun konsentrasi cenderung menurun. Sementara itu pada sampel air tidak ditemukan senyawa DDT dan turunanny

The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005–2020

Funding Information: Authors from Portugal were funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT) through contract GHTM-UID/Multi/04413/ 2013. R. Rocha was supported by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science (via FCT) through a PhD grant (UI/BD/151067/2021). C. Muñoz holds a postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas (University of Murcia) from the Program of Requalification of the Spanish University System (Spanish Ministry of Universities) financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Maia et al.Background This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autoch-thonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control. Methodology/Principal findings It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autoch-thonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishman-iasis cases—of which 94% were autochthonous—and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases —of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005–2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53– 0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07–0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal. Conclusions/Significance Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006–2007 and 2011–2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases pro-vide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control.publishersversionpublishe

Leishmaniases in the European Union and Neighboring Countries

A questionnaire survey of animal and human health authorities in Europe revealed that leishmaniases are not notifiable in all countries with autochthonous cases. Few countries implement surveillance and control targeting both animal and human infections. Leishmaniases are considered emergent diseases in most countries, and lack of resources is a challenge for control.publishersversionpublishe

Treatment of head lice with dimeticone 4% lotion: comparison of two formulations in a randomised controlled trial in rural Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dimeticone 4% lotion was shown to be an effective treatment for head louse infestation in two randomised controlled trials in England. It is not affected by insecticide resistance but efficacy obtained (70-75%) was lower than expected. This study was designed to evaluate efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion in a geographically, socially, and culturally different setting, in rural Turkey and, in order to achieve blinding, it was compared with a potential alternative formulation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Children from two village schools were screened for head lice by detection combing. All infested students and family members could participate, giving access to treatment for the whole community. Two investigator applied treatments were given 7 days apart. Outcome was assessed by detection combing three times between treatments and twice the week following second treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the intention to treat group 35/36 treated using dimeticone 4% had no lice after the second treatment but there were two protocol violators giving 91.7% treatment success. The alternative product gave 30/36 (83.3%) treatment success, a difference of 8.4% (95% CI -9.8% to 26.2%). The cure rates per-protocol were 33/34 (97.1%) and 30/35 (85.7%) respectively. We were unable to find any newly emerged louse nymphs on 77.8% of dimeticone 4% treated participants or on 66.7% of those treated with the alternative formulation. No adverse events were identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results confirm the efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion against lice and eggs and we found no detectable difference between this product and dimeticone 4% lotion with nerolidol 2% added. We believe that the high cure rate was related to the lower intensity of infestation in Turkey, together with the level of community engagement, compared with previous studies in the UK.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10431107</p

The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005–2020

[Background]: This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autochthonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control.[Methodology/principal findings]: It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autochthonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishmaniasis cases-of which 94% were autochthonous-and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases-of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005-2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53-0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07-0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal.[Conclusions/significance]: Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006-2007 and 2011-2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases provide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control.Authors from Portugal were funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT) through contract GHTM-UID/Multi/04413/2013. R. Rocha was supported by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science (via FCT) through a PhD grant (UI/BD/151067/2021). C. Muñoz holds a postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas (University of Murcia) from the Program of Requalification of the Spanish University System (Spanish Ministry of Universities) financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.Peer reviewe

İzmir ve civarındaki phlebotomus sp. 'lerde ELISA ve izoenzim elektroforezi kullanılarak leishmania promastigotlarının saptanması

Bu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.SUMMARY A total 4349 Phlebotomus sp., ( 3237 male, 1112 female ) were collected from İzmir and 15 provinces in 1990 and 1991, between June-October, by using sticky paper traps and mouth aspirators. Female Phlebotomus were classified according to their pharynx and spermatecha. There were 519 ( % 46.6 ) Ph.sergenti, 382 ( % 34.3 ) Ph.papatasi, 78 ( % 6.1 ) Ph.alexandri, 128 ( % 11.5 ) Ph.major and 5 ( % 0.4 ) Ph.perfiliewi. Phlebotomus were suspended in microcentrifuge tubes in groups of 5, according to their species and regions collected. 232 tubes were prepared by freezing-thawing after grinding in PBS + Twee n 20. Microplates covered with polyclonal antibody against a surface antigen gp63 of L. mexicana panamensis and Phlebotomus suspensions were used as an antigen to perform promastigot-ELISA test. This test was found to be no species specific and as few as 1000 Leishmanial promastigotes could be detected. 3 groups prepared from 382 Ph.papatasi and 3 groups prepared from of 128 Ph.major were found to be positive meaning at least one phlebotomus from each group was positive for Leishmanial promastigotes by ELISA. Ph. papatasi and Ph. major must be incriminated as vectors for İzmir region. Isoenzyme electrophoresis, couldn't be successfully performed in the tubes with Phlebotomus suspensions, but it is used to identify the Leishmania strain used in our studies which is identified as L.infantum, MON1.ÖZET 1990 ve 1991 yıllan Haziran-Ekim ayları arasında hint yağlı kağıt ve ağız aspiratörü kullanılarak İzmir ve civarında tesbit edilen 15 bölgeden, 3237 erkek, 1112 dişi olmak üzere toplam 4349 Phlebotomus sp. toplanmıştır. Dişi Phlebotomus'lar farinks armatürü ve spermateka yardımıyla türlerine ayrılmış ve Ph.papatasi'nin 382 (%343), Ph.sergentfmn 519 (%46.6), Ph.alexatidrfmn 78 (%6.1)' Ph.major'un 128 (%11.5) ve Ph.perfHiewVnm 5 (%0.4) tane olduğu saptanmıştır. Bunlar her türden ve bölgeden ayrı ayrı olmak üzere 5'erli gruplar halinde mikrosantrifüj tüplerinde PBS+Tw20 içinde ezme+dondurma-eritme yoluyla suspense edilmiş ve toplam 232 örnek tüpü oluşturulmuştur. Leishmania mexicana panamensis'in yüzey antijeni olan gp63'e karşı elde edilmiş poliklon antikor ile kaplanan mikroplaklarda bu Phlebotomus süspansiyonları antijen olarak kullanılarak Promastigot-ELISA testi çalışılmıştır. En az 1000 promastigotu seçebildiği ve türe özgü olmadığı saptanan testte Ph.major'\aıâan en az 3 (%2.34) tanesinin ve Ph.papatasi1eıden en az 3 (%0.98) tanesinin Leishmania sp. promastigotları yönünden pozitif olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre araştırma kapsamına giren İzmir Bölgesinde Kala-Azar'ın vektörü olarak Ph.major ve Ph.papatasi'mn suçlanmaları gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır.. Çalışmamızda kullanılacak olan İzoenzim Elektroforezi, Phlebotomus süspansiyonlarının bulunduğu tüplerde iyi sonuç vermemiş, fakat Anabilim Dalımızda bulunan ve testte kullandığımız Leishmania susunun L.infantum,MONl olduğunu saptamak için kullanılmıştı