Social aspects of forest recreation

We consider the social aspects of recreational use of forests, such as forest recreants attendance and attractiveness of different stands on the size and type of locality, age, gender, employment. It was estab-lished that recreants distributed fairly evenly by the number of visits to the forest in the summer. Most vacationers are in a forest 1–2 times and 3–4 times per month. Women are in forest considerably less than men. Working in the forest are less likely than senior citizens, students and pupils. Residents of ru-ral areas are more likely than residents of large citie s, visiting the forest. More than 3/4 of the respond-ents prefer to rest in mixed stands, and one in five in the pure stands. More than a quarter of the women surveyed, and almost one in four works in favor of rest in pure stands. More than half of the respond-ents chose the pine stands as a place of rest. A large proportion of respondents (22.1%) of the answers a few tree species, including two species – 15.3%. Dominated by a combination of pine and birch, pine, birch and spruce. Women choose for rest stands consisting of one or two tree species, mostly pine, birch or mixed of these breeds. Men are more varia tion in their choice. Working are characterized by a more flexible approach to the selection of stands for summer vacation. The study offered the best in terms of recreants composition recreational forests of the country

Silvicultural effectiveness of soil disturbance after complete sanitary felling of spruce sorrel forests in park belt of minsk landscaped area

In the article the process of natural reforestation after the continuous cutting down of fir groves before the suburban forest of Minsk is examined. Is given the general characteristic of young forest in the sections with the loosening of soil and without. The total number of young forest composed 4,544 pieces down the hectare. Young forest is located along the area unevenly or by groups. The loosening of soil contributes down an increase in the quantity of young forest of fir tree and pine tree five times

Recreational use of lake svityaz forests

Is evaluated the state of forests near Svityaz lake, and also the degree of the recreational improvement of this territory. It is established that the vacationers more frequently use southwestern and northeastern shores of lake. The greatest degree of recreational improvement is revealed on the grassy beach of southwestern shore and before the forest adjacent down it. More than half of forests (54.1%) of those utilized for leisure they relate down those strongly disrupted and those degraded, which is explained as far as the fourfold exceeding of recreational load. Recommendations up the restoration of the disrupted forest ecosystems are given

Silvicultural effectiveness of measures to aid to natural reneval at clearcuts in novogrudok forestry

Appointment to promote natural renewal at clearcuts significantly increases the probability of further form a tree stand with a predominance of conifers during the systematic care. The density of undergrowth on felling surveyed ranged from 6,973 to 3,250 units per hectare, while the proportion of valuable species from 62.1 to 83.35. Self-sown crow was presented only valuable species and the amount ranged from 550 to 1,603 units per hectare. Among the identified amount of undergrowth stored when cutting ranged from 12.7 to 83.1%. The highest average number of units of undergrowth valuable species found at the projective cover grass-shrub tiers of 30–50% and projective cover moss-lichen tiers of 20–40%. The least effect on undergrowth in underforest has canopy density of 0.1 to 0.3. Carrying out loosening the soil increases the amount of undergrowth valuable species for 3–4 years in 1.9–3 times, including self-sown crow in 1.6–4.4 times

Species diversity and synanthropization of Minsk suburban forests

The variety of the most common phytocoenosis of the suburb Minsk is established. In all are revealed 257 species. Their greatest quantity is fixed in pine forests (179) and birch groves (163). Before the unviolated phytocoenosis the greatest quantity of species is revealed before the fir groves. The level of synanthropic species before the wood and bushy tier on the average composes 50%. Before the ground cover the portion of synanthropic species before average 30% reaches maximum with 4–5 stages of recreational digression

Transformation of forest live cover under recreational load

It is revealed, that the transformation of ground cover under the action of recess occurs with gradual reduction in the portion of participation before coating and variety of typical forest species and by an increase in the portion of meadow and waste plants with the average recreational loads, by exceeding the meadow plants above the forest with the intensive attendance of forest people and the predominance of the waste plants so on of maximum digression. Are established the average indices of coating data of the groups of the plants of ground cover before the stages of digression. Forest growing on the rich soils is characterized as far as a less notable increase in coating cereals, as far as the more significant coating of waste and meadow plants, and also as far as the larger portion of the trampled surface

Streamlined structure determination by cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging using TomoBEAR

Structures of macromolecules in their native state provide unique unambiguous insights into their functions. Cryo-electron tomography combined with subtomogram averaging demonstrated the power to solve such structures in situ at resolutions in the range of 3 Angstrom for some macromolecules. In order to be applicable to the structural determination of the majority of macromolecules observable in cells in limited amounts, processing of tomographic data has to be performed in a high-throughput manner. Here we present TomoBEAR—a modular configurable workflow engine for streamlined processing of cryo-electron tomographic data for subtomogram averaging. TomoBEAR combines commonly used cryo-EM packages with reasonable presets to provide a transparent (“white box”) approach for data management and processing. We demonstrate applications of TomoBEAR to two data sets of purified macromolecular targets, to an ion channel RyR1 in a membrane, and the tomograms of plasma FIB-milled lamellae and demonstrate the ability to produce high-resolution structures. TomoBEAR speeds up data processing, minimizes human interventions, and will help accelerate the adoption of in situ structural biology by cryo-ET. The source code and the documentation are freely available