<i>N,N</i>-bis-(dimethylfluorosilylmethyl)amides of <i>N</i>-organosulfonylproline and sarcosine: synthesis, structure, stereodynamic behaviour and <i>in silico</i> studies

(O→Si)-Chelate difluorides R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)N(CH2SiMe2F)2 (9a–c, R1R2 = (CH2)3, R3 = Ms (a), Ts (b); R1 = H, R2 = Me, R3 = Ms (c)), containing one penta- and one tetracoordinate silicon atoms were synthesized by silylmethylation of amides R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)NH2, subsequent hydrolysis of unstable intermediates R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)N(CH2SiMe2Cl)2 (7a–c) into 4-acyl-2,6-disilamorpholines R3R2NCH(R1)C(O)N(CH2SiMe2O)2 (8a–c) and the reaction of the latter compounds with BF3·Et2O. The structures of disilamorpholines 8a,c and difluoride 9a were confirmed by an X-ray diffraction study. According to the IR and NMR data, the O→Si coordination in solutions of these compounds was weaker than that in the solid state due to effective solvation of the Si–F bond. A permutational isomerisation involving an exchange of equatorial Me groups at the pentacoordinate Si atom in complexes 9a–c was detected, and its activational parameters were determined by 1H DNMR. In silico estimation of possible pharmacological effects and acute rat toxicity by PASS Online and GUSAR Online services showed a potential for their further pharmacological study

Reaction of Picolinamides with Ketones Producing a New Type of Heterocyclic Salts with an Imidazolidin-4-One Ring

Reactions of picolinamides with 1,3-propanesultone in methanol followed by the treatment with ketones led to a series of previously unknown chemical transformations, yielding first pyridinium salts (2a–f), with a protonated endocyclic nitrogen atom, and then heterocyclic salts (3a–j) containing an imidazolidin-4-one ring. The structures of intermediate and final products were determined by IR and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray study. The effects of the ketone and alcohol structures on the product yield were studied by quantum-chemical calculations. The stability of salts 3a–j towards hydrolysis and alcoholysis makes them excellent candidates for the search for new types of biologically active compounds

Proton catalysis of nucleophilic substitution at pentacoordinate silicon

Addition of acid to the pentacoordinate fluorosilane 8, leads to enhanced exchange of fluorine and loss of diastereotopicity of the silicon methyl groups. A DNMR study of the H-1-NMR spectra suggests a dissociative mechanism involving protonation of the fluorine leaving group. Variable temperature studies suggest that at lower temperatures the tetracoordinate form is favoured. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Twice as Nice: The Duff Formylation of Umbelliferone Revised

More efficient and preferably more convenient and greener synthetic solutions in coumarin scaffold functionalization are in steady demand. The Duff ortho-formylation of unsubstituted umbelliferone was revised in this study. The reaction conditions were optimized based upon data from the literature analysis and resulted in unexpectedly rapid ortho-formylation of umbelliferone, yielding a mixture of ortho-formyl position isomers. Thorough studies on the separation of ortho-formylated umbelliferones using chromatographic and recrystallization methods as well as the evaluation of their solubility in common organic solvents led to complete resolution of 8-formyl- and 6-formylumbelliferones. The precise protocol for simultaneous preparation, extraction, and purification of 8-formyl- and 6-formylumbelliferones is provided, and the prospective studies of biological and pharmacological activities of these compounds are synopsized

Stereochemical rearrangements of dibromides of hexacoordinated germanium containing amidomethyl and lactamomethyl chelate ligands

For the first time a slow (on the NMR time scale) dynamic exchange between two diastereomers of hexacoordinated dibromogermanes containing two amidomethyl and lactamomethyl C,O-chelate ligands has been observed at room temperature in solution. The influence of temperature and solvent on the ratio of diastereomers was studied. At higher temperatures only one set of signals of the products were detected in the NMR spectra. Based on the dynamic NMR and quantum-chemical calculations (ab initio FR 3-21G), as well as on the structures determined for these compounds in the solid state, a cis-configuration of monodentate ligands was proposed for one of the diastereomers and an all-trans-configuration for the other. At low temperatures interconversion of enantiomers in the cis-diastereomer was observed. In the case of bis[(N-methylacetamido)methyl]dibromogermane the activation and thermodynamic parameters of enantiomerization (DeltaG(298)(#) 12.0+/-0.1 kcal mol(-1), DeltaH(#) 10.7+/-0.3 kcal mol(-1), DeltaS(#) -4.6+/-2.5 cal mol(-1) K-1) and diastereomeric exchange OcCtBrcreversible arrowOtCtBrt (DeltaG(298)(#), 15.0+/-0.1 kcal mol(-1); DeltaH(#) 0.1+/-0.8 kcal mol(-1); DeltaS(#) -50.0+/-5.8 cal mol(-1) K-1; DeltaG(298)degrees -0.2+/-0.1 kcal mol(-1); DeltaHdegrees -0.8+/-0.8 kcal mol(-1); DeltaSdegrees -2.6+/-1.0 cal mol(-1) K-1) were determined. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V

Cationic complexes of silicon and germanium with (<i>O</i>,<i>S</i>)-chelate ligands

Synthesis and X-ray diffraction study of cationic bischelates MeSi(SCH2CONMe2)2+Cl- and MeGe(SCH2CONMe2)2+Br- are reported. According to X-ray data, the Si and Ge atoms in these compounds have distorted TBP environments with two coordinating oxygen atoms in axial positions

Modelling nucleophilic substitution at silicon using solution 19F NMR chemical shift, 1JSi‑F and 2JC‑F coupling constant data of pentacoordinate silicon compounds. Correlation with other magnetic nuclei and X-ray structures,

Solution 1JSi---F and 2JC---F NMR coupling constant and 19F-NMR chemical shift data have been analysed in a series of pentacoordinate silyl monofluoride complexes used to model nucleophilic substitution at silicon. Patterns in the data reveal strong correlations between both coupling constants and 19F-NMR chemical shifts and the degree of substitution displayed by each. Excellent correlation is obtained between the new data and our previous 13C- and 29Si-NMR studies to further confirm the validity of the NMR technique for structural correlation in solution. By pooling the X-ray crystal structures of a large number of compounds of this class from both our own results and the literature we are able to provide a possible explanation for some of the trends in the NMR data we observe in solution

Synthesis, structure and dynamic stereochemistry of (O→Si)-chelate <i>N</i>-(trifluorosilylmethyl)-[<i>N</i>-(S)-(1-phenylethyl)]acetamide and 1-(trifluorosilylmethyl)-2-oxoperhydroazepine: Retention of the O→Si coordination in the adduct with KF and 18-crown-6

The novel compounds, N-(trifluorosilylmethyl)-[N-(S)-(1-phenylethyl)]-acetamide (1a) and 1-(trifluorosilylmethyl)-2-oxoperhydroazepine (1b) have been prepared from the corresponding NH-compounds using ClCH2SiCl3/Et3N or ClCH2SiCl3/(Me3Si)2NH followed by methanolysis or hydrolysis of the reaction mixture in the presence of Lewis bases, and then BF3 etherate. Potassium-(18-crown-6)-(2-oxoperhydroazepinomethyl)tetrafluorosilicate (2) was synthesized by reaction of the trifluoride (1b) with KF in the presence of 18-crown-6. Using 19F, 29Si NMR and X-ray diffraction techniques it was established that the silicon atom is pentacoordinate in the trifluorides (1a, b) and hexacoordinate in the adduct 2. Thus the internal coordination of the O → Si bond present in the trifluoride (1b) is retained in the adduct 2. The stereochemical non-rigidity of the trifluorides (1a, b) and the N-(trifluorosilylmethyl)-N-methylacetamide (1c) was investigated using dynamic 19F NMR spectroscopy. The activation barriers for permutational isomerization are in the range 9.5–10 kcal mol−1. Lower values of ΔG# for permutation of trifluorides (1a–c) compared to the monofluorides with the coordination core OSiC3F together with small negative values for the activation entropy implies a non-dissociative mechanism. Quantum-chemical analysis suggests a mechanism involving a turnstile rotation

Reactions of silamorpholinones and acylsilamorpholines with electrophilic reagents. X-ray structure of products including a pentacoordinated silicon compound

Reactions of 2-sila-5-morpholinones, 4-acyl-2-silamorphoiines and 4-acyl-2,6-disilamorpholines with electrophilic reagents generally lead to the opening of the sila- or disilacycle by cleavage of the Si-O bond with subsequent rearrangement to form five-membered chelate derivatives where the amide oxygen atoms coordinate with the silicon to form pentacoordinate silicon species. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies were used for structural investigation of the products. 4-Acyl-2,6-disilamorpholines initially form adducts with strong acids where the amide oxygen is protonated by the acid as demonstrated by X-ray crystallography

Structures and stereochemical non-rigidity of Si-substituted N-(dimethylsilylmethyl)- and N-(methylphenylsilylmethyl)amides and -lactams

Eleven new silicon-substituted N-(dimethylsilylmethyl)- and N-(methylphenylsilylmethyl)amides and -lactams bearing a chiral carbon in the amide or lactam fragment, and containing the OSiC3X (X = Hal, OTf) coordination fragment have been synthesized and their structures determined in solution by spectroscopic means. These structures are consistent with the hypervalency model. Quantum chemical calculations adequately reflect correlations between the type of monodentate ligand X and the geometric parameters of the N–C�O–Si�X fragments. The activation parameters for enantiomerization and diastereomerization in these new compounds and the other related compounds were determined by the dynamic NMR (DNMR) method using full line-shape analysis. The free activation energy values in the absence of external nucleophiles vary from 9 to 27 kcal mol?1. The entropies of activation (?S#) are negative (?20 to ?50 cal mol?1 K?1) in all cases except for the chloride derivatives of 4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone and 4-oxazolidinone that have weaker intramolecular O ? Si coordination. Irregular mechanisms of permutational isomerization were proposed on the basis of the DNMR data and the results of quantum-chemical calculations carried out by ab initio (HF) and DFT (PBE, B3PW91, 6-311++G(d,p)). Depending on the coordination environment at silicon, the mechanisms proposed involve either the dissociation of the Si–X bond followed by the Berry pseudorotation or similar in the intermediate or the cleavage of intramolecular O–Si bond with subsequent inversion at the silicon atom. The apparently simple pseudorotation mechanism involving only the pentacoordinate structures 1–21 does not appear to be favoured in any of the examples studied