New approaches to obtaining scientific innovation in morphological studies of bladder transitional epithelium

Objective: To demonstrate the capabilities of cluster analysis in receiving scientific innovation results in morphological studies of cells of the bladder urothelium.Materials and methods.10 Wistar rats were used. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; electron microscope studies were  conducted; morphometry was performed in ImageJ and statistics – in studio-R using nonparametric methods and multivariate statistics.Results. A brief description of the main stages of cluster analysis shows way to determine the most important features of uroteliocytes and to reveal their heterogeneity, algorithms of Euclidean metrics and methods of clustering were described, the features of the application of the analysis in morphological studies were presented, an example of using these methods in searching for new results was presented, the models of morphological substantiation of clustering results were showed. Conclusion: 1) cluster analysis provides a scientific novelty in studies of transitional epithelium of the bladder; 2) it is used in case of heterogeneity of cellular composition of urothelium that is detected with a help of coefficient of variation; 3) the most significant features of uroteliocytes are their cell area and their nuclei area; 4) new results on the number of clusters were obtained by method of Ward, and new data on their indicators – by k-means; 5) Euclidean metric is the best to use; 6) to assess the adequacy of the results pairwise comparisons between multiple clusters were carried out according to their indicators; 7) results are presented in dimentional projection and they characterize cellular composition of the urothelium as structural system and detect systemic effects

The Structure of Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands Parenchyma and Their Acini Morphometric Characteristics Using Factor Models

Relevance. Perspective area of investigating salivary glands (SG) is the study of the structure of their acini and excretory ducts in pathological processes models. The obtained results are compared with the results of studying intact animals. Literature data concerning structural organization of the intact rats’ SG differ in ways of morphometry performing, quantitative indicators and are often contradictory in their results. Objective. To study the structure of submandibular (SMDG) and sublingual (SLG) salivary glands parenchyma in intact mature rats and determine the significance of various morphometric parameters of acini. Materials and methods. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and semifine ones with methylene blue. Electronic and microscopic study was performed by the generally accepted method. The morphometric analysis was performed at the light and optical level. We determined the area of profile fields, the elongation coefficient and forms of acini and their nuclei.To compare the results we used Mann-Whitney test. The exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results. We have learned characteristic  features of  SMDG and SLG  acini structure and the significance of various morphometric parameters. It was ascertained, that the  system of excretory ducts of glands particles is represented by intercalated,  striated and intralobular ducts. We have also found granular ducts in SMDG. The obtained factor models characterize salivary glands functioning in intact animals and are determined by two latent factors. Conclusions. 1) structural features of acini and their morphometric characteristics are specific for 12-months old intact male rats; 2) received factor models determine a large part of the total dispersion parameters of both SG and are adequate; 3) the similarity of factor structures of SG confirms the principle of intasystem organization of the cells of their final secretory departments; 4) Factor 1 is a factor of morphofunctional state of nuclei and Factor 2 is a factor of morphofunctional state of the cellular composition of acini