Progress in Infertility Control Technology of Fish

Infertility control of fish has been a significant research problem concerning many aquatic breeders. It is necessary to develop infertility control technology for fish to solve the ecological safety problems of existing transgenic fish with qualified characteristics. We reviewed here the implementation of intensely studied available fish infertility control technologies (e.g., triploid technology and antisense RNA technology), kid/kis system, Ntr/Met system, and Gal4/UAS system. Moreover, prospects in infertility control and technological development of fish are disclosed by combining relevant and associated studies

Early embryonic development of green crucian carp <em>Carassius auratus</em> indigentiaus subsp. nov.

The early embryonic development of the green crucian carp (Carassius auratus indigentiaus subsp. nov.) was observed to study its timing and characteristics. The fertilized eggs are round, slightly yellow, and viscous demersal. The egg diameter after water swelling was 1.47 ± 0.04 mm. Embryonic development can be divided into eight stages according to its major characteristics: blastoderm formation, mitotic, blastula, gastrula, neurula, blastopore closure, organogenetic and hatching stages. Under a water temperature of 24 ± 1 °C, salinity of 35 ± 1, and pH of 7.4 ± 0.5, the blastoderm began to form 35 min after fertilization. It entered the mitotic stage at 55 min, blastula stage at 220 min, gastrula stage at 460 min, neurula stage at 675 min, blastopore closure stage at 700 min, organogenetic stage at 900 min and hatching stage at 3390 min. The total length of newly hatched larvae was 4.07 ± 0.35 mm. Regression models of growth characteristics were obtained. The full-length growth rate was fastest from 15 to 26 days, with an average of 0.396 mm/day. Compared with other cyprinid fishes, green crucian carp exhibited some distinct characteristics in certain stages of embryonic development. The eye primordium developed before the sarcomere, and the heart rate was relatively high before the member stage. Yolk fluctuation was observed during the multi-cell phase of embryonic development. The sarcomere formed after the eye primordium. The heart rate in the hatching phase was 136 beats/min. This study provides a reference for embryonic development in green crucian carp, which will assist its large-scale cultivation

Z-scheme heterojunction of Bi2S3/g-C3N4 and its photocatalytic effect

128-138In this study, Bi2S3/g-C3N4 binary catalyst has been excellently prepared by a wet impregnation-calcination method to form Z-scheme heterojunction. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The physicochemical properties of the catalyst have been tested, such as crystal structure, morphology, optical properities, light absorption properties and luminescence properties. The results demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity is significantly increased when Bi2S3 with optimum weight percentage (5wt%) loaded into g-C3N4. Through photocatalytic degradation experiments, the optimal loading ratio, dosage and dye concentration of binary materials have been explored. At the same time, the effect of pH on the photocatalytic experiment under the optimal conditions is studied. Reactive blue 19 (RB19) is degraded by 97.77% in 2 h as the target pollutants. The trapping experiment further verified that ꞏO2 - is the main active species in photocatalytic degradation of RB19

Research Progress in Molecular Biology of Fish Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Immunoglobulin (Ig) is a type of globulin produced by B lymphocytes during pathogenic infection of vertebrates. It has immune functions and can realize specific recognition and neutralization of corresponding antigens. As IgM is reported first in fish, IgM is the first antibody produced during immune responses and plays a vital role in systemic and mucosal immune tissues. IgM molecules have two forms: membrane-bound IgM (mIgM) and secreted IgM (sIgM). The latter is produced by plasmacytes and secreted into body fluid, existing as immunological effect molecules. The former embeds into B cytomembrane and exists as an antigen receptor. It binds with assistant molecules to form cell receptor compounds. This study reviews research progress on the structures and production processes of IgM genes in different fish species and the distribution characteristics of IgM on B cells, mediated signal pathways, and functions. It aims to enrich basic theoretical knowledge of fish immunology and provide some scientific references for disease control in fishes

Adsorption equilibrium, isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic of modified bentonite for removing Rhodamine B

116-125Anionic and cationic surfactant modified sodium bentonite (Na-Bt) has been prepared by the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to sodium bentonite, respectively. The properties of the modified samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and FT-IR. The results of characterization shown that the cationic surfactant had changed the structure and properties of natural sodium bentonite, which proved that surfactants had been successfully implanted into sodium bentonite. But anionic surfactant had no change, this manifested SDBS didn&rsquo;t insert the layers of bentonite. In addition, adsorption experiments of Rhodamine B (RhB) proved that the modified sodium bentonite adsorption performance is greatly improved. The adsorption experiments also indicated that CTAB-bentonite had the largest adsorption capacity compared with SDBS-bentonite due to the formation of a highly effective partition medium by cationic surfactant micelle. The adsorption data of RhB is analyzed with the isothermal model, thermodynamics and kinetics. Overall, this study provided high-efficiency method for the removal RhB by the surfactant modified bentonite

Research Progress on the Fish Complement C3 Gene

Complement (C) is a serum protein with immunity-related functions and enzymatic activities. It can induce inflammatory responses and antibody formation following activation by substances such as pathogens. Moreover, it is a crucial molecule in the congenital immune defense system. Complement manifests earlier than immunoglobulin in the evolutionary process of fish's immune system. Therefore, the complement system of fish is vital for congenital and acquired immunities. A complement system is a polymolecule system comprising more than 30 soluble proteins, membrane-bound proteins, and complement receptors. It can be activated through three pathways for immunoregulation, the clearance of the immune complex, etc. The liver primarily produces the fish complement C3, which is a significant component of the complement system of fishes. C3 is the hub of three activation pathways. Research works concerning the structure, generation process, expression, and functions of C3 in fishes are reviewed in this study

A new reference genome for Sorghum bicolor reveals high levels of sequence similarity between sweet and grain genotypes: implications for the genetics of sugar metabolism.

BackgroundThe process of crop domestication often consists of two stages: initial domestication, where the wild species is first cultivated by humans, followed by diversification, when the domesticated species are subsequently adapted to more environments and specialized uses. Selective pressure to increase sugar accumulation in certain varieties of the cereal crop Sorghum bicolor is an excellent example of the latter; this has resulted in pronounced phenotypic divergence between sweet and grain-type sorghums, but the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood.ResultsHere we present a new reference genome based on an archetypal sweet sorghum line and compare it to the current grain sorghum reference, revealing a high rate of nonsynonymous and potential loss of function mutations, but few changes in gene content or overall genome structure. We also use comparative transcriptomics to highlight changes in gene expression correlated with high stalk sugar content and show that changes in the activity and possibly localization of transporters, along with the timing of sugar metabolism play a critical role in the sweet phenotype.ConclusionsThe high level of genomic similarity between sweet and grain sorghum reflects their historical relatedness, rather than their current phenotypic differences, but we find key changes in signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators that represent new candidates for understanding and improving sugar metabolism in this important crop

Solid State Fabrication of Copper Nanoclusters and Supraparticles

In this study, we present solid state processes for the fabrication of copper nanoclusters (NCs) and hierarchical supraparticles (SPs). To achieve this, copper salt and thiols are mixed and are then grinded for 10–15 min, and the nano-products are thereby obtained. Interestingly, it was found in this study that the formation of the NCs or SPs is completely dependent on the grinding methods that are used: with mechanical grinding, the products are several nanometer-sized NCs, whereas manual grinding in an agate mortar can obtain Cu SPs with diameters as low as 10 nm all the way up to 200 nm. The photoluminescence emission wavelength of the nano-products is located at ~680 nm. The Stokes shift of the obtained nanomaterials is more than 300 nm. The emission quantum yields of the Cu NCs and SPs are as high as 47.5% and 63%, respectively. Due to their facile fabrication processes and their favorable optical properties, the two as-prepared types of copper nano-materials exhibit great potential for bio-imaging and bio-sensing applications

Z-scheme heterojunction of Bi2S3/g-C3N4 and its photocatalytic effect

In this study, Bi2S3/g-C3N4 binary catalyst has been excellently prepared by a wet impregnation-calcination method to form Z-scheme heterojunction. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The physicochemical properties of the catalyst have been tested, such as crystal structure, morphology, optical properities, light absorption properties and luminescence properties. The results demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity is significantly increased when Bi2S3 with optimum weight percentage (5wt%) loaded into g-C3N4. Through photocatalytic degradation experiments, the optimal loading ratio, dosage and dye concentration of binary materials have been explored. At the same time, the effect of pH on the photocatalytic experiment under the optimal conditions is studied. Reactive blue 19 (RB19) is degraded by 97.77% in 2 h as the target pollutants. The trapping experiment further verified that ꞏO2 - is the main active species in photocatalytic degradation of RB19

Severe Cerebral Falciparum Malaria with Dengue Coinfection: A Case Report

A rare severe case of the coinfection of cerebral falciparum malaria and dengue is reported in this paper. The patient was a 50 yr old male in the north of China, who returned from Uganda not long ago and suffered unconsciousness after fever for 4 d before the falciparum malaria and dengue infection was diagnosed via blood smear microscopy, RT-PCR and serology, although the antimalarial and symptomatic treatment was carried out, ultimately the patients died of septic shock because of multiple organ dysfunctions. This case report showed such a coinfection was prone to cause severe acute consequence. The timely diagnosis and delicate treatment are crucial for prognosis of patient