??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????

??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ????????? diethylnitrosamine (DEN)??? C3H/HeN ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. DEN?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ??????, TUNEL positive ???????????? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? duct??? ??????, ?????????????????? ????????????, Masson???s trichrome ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ?????????, ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???, solvent partition ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? hexane, ethyl acetate, water ???????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???, ethyl acetate ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ethyl acetate???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ???????????????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????.clos

Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers with Anion Groups onto MWNT Supports and Their Application as Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensors

Vinyl polymer-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) supports with anion groups were prepared for use as biosensor supports by radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP) of the vinyl monomers acryloyl diphosphoric acid (ADPA), acrylic acid (AA), sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS), and methacrylic acid (MA) onto the surface of MWNTs. The electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensors based on a glass carbon electrode (ECL-GCE) and a screen printed electrode (ECL-SPE) were fabricated by immobilization of Ru(bpy)3 2+ complex after coating of vinyl polymer-grafted MWNT inks on the surface of the GCE and SPE without any polymer binders in order to obtain high electrogenerated chemiluminescence intensity. For detection of alcohol concentration, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was immobilized onto an ECL-GCE sensor prepared by poly(NaSS)-g-MWNT supports. The prepared biosensor based on ADH is suitable for the detection of ethanol concentration in commercial drinks

Ethanol Extract of Lepidium apetalum

The seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willdenow (called “Tinglizi” in China and “Jungryukza” in Korea) have been used to discharge phlegm and improve dropsy in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of ethanol extract of the seeds of Lepidium apetalum (ELA) on atrial dynamics and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion in beating rabbit atria. ELA increased atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP efflux, concomitantly attenuating ANP secretion in a dose-dependent manner. ELA-induced increases in atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP levels and decrease in ANP secretion were not inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor, or diltiazem and verapamil, the L-type Ca2+ channel blockers, respectively. Helveticoside, a well-known digitalis-like cardiac glycosidic constituent of ELA, also increased atrial dynamics, including stroke volume and pulse pressure, without changing cAMP efflux and ANP secretion, and the effects of helveticoside were not inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, diltiazem, and verapamil. These results suggest that the ELA-induced positive inotropic activity in beating rabbit atria might, at least partly, be due to the digitalis-like activity of helveticoside rather than an increase in cAMP efflux

Phosphatidylcholine induces apoptosis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) formulation is used for lipolytic injection, even though its mechanism of action is not well understood.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The viability of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells was measured after treatment of PPC alone, its vehicle sodium deoxycholate (SD), and a PPC formulation. Western blot analysis was performed to examine PPC-induced signaling pathways.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>PPC, SD, and PPC formulation significantly decreased 3T3-L1 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. PPC alone was not cytotoxic to CCD-25Sk human fibroblasts at concentrations <1 mg/ml, whereas SD and PPC formulation were cytotoxic. Western blot analysis demonstrated that PPC alone led to the phosphorylation of the stress signaling proteins, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and activated caspase-9, -8, -3 as well as cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, SD did not activate the apoptotic pathways. Instead, SD and PPC formulation induced cell membrane lysis, which may lead to necrosis of cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>PPC results in apoptosis of 3T3-L1 cells.</p

Prevalence and comorbidity of allergic diseases in preschool children

PurposeAllergic disease and its comorbidities significantly influence the quality of life. Although the comorbidities of allergic diseases are well described in adult populations, little is known about them in preschool children. In the present study, we aimed to assess the prevalence and comorbidity of allergic diseases in Korean preschool children.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study comprising 615 Korean children (age, 3 to 6 years). Symptoms of allergic diseases were assessed using the Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire that was modified for preschool children. Comorbidities of allergic diseases were assessed by 'In the last 12 months, has your child had symptoms?'.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis as recorded using the ISAAC questionnaire, within the last 12 months was 13.8%, 40.7%, and 20.8%, respectively. The symptom rates of allergic conjunctivitis, food allergy, and drug allergy were 14.8%, 10.4%, and 0.8%, respectively. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children with asthma was 64.3% and that of asthma in children with allergic rhinitis was 21.6%. The prevalence of rhinitis in children with conjunctivitis was 64.8% and that of conjunctivitis in children with rhinitis was 23.6%.ConclusionThe prevalence of current rhinitis in our preschool children is shown to be higher than that previously reported. Allergic conjunctivitis is closely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, further studies are warranted to determine the prevalence and effects of these comorbidities on health outcomes in preschool children