Факторы и практики развития стартапов

The main goal of the work was to identify the best practices for supporting new technology companies (startups). The first chapter summarizes the best practices and approaches to supporting start-ups in developed countries, and the second chapter provides examples of developing countries of the world. The third chapter contains conclusions and main recommendations for the Russian authorities based on the analysis carried out taking into account the current situation

Geography and persistence of entrepreneurship in Russia

Can entrepreneurial activity be stronger and more persistent than the continuity of socialist institutions? The answer to this question is overwhelmingly positive. Using the historical data on entrepreneurship, retail trade and cooperatives in Russian regions, this study shows a strong persistence of entrepreneurship activity in Russia during the period 1926–2018, while we also evidence that the restructuring of the Soviet economy resulted in a structural break in the 1970s. By distinguishing three periods of 1998–99, 2000–07 and 2008–18 since the transition started, we demonstrate that the historical persistence of entrepreneurship is not constant and may change from one period to another

Startup Development Factors and Practices

The main goal of the work was to identify the best practices for supporting new technology companies (startups). The first chapter summarizes the best practices and approaches to supporting start-ups in developed countries, and the second chapter provides examples of developing countries of the world. The third chapter contains conclusions and main recommendations for the Russian authorities based on the analysis carried out taking into account the current situation

World Experience in the Formation of a System of Indirect Measures To Support Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

Indirect measures are essential for building sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems. At the same time, in contrast to direct financial measures, they often require less budgetary costs, cover a larger number of entrepreneurs and to a lesser extent disrupt market competition. Indirect support measures are much more diverse than direct ones

Small business in Russia: institutions, market potential, taxes and digitalization

In this paper we use an institutional approach and apply a regional perspective to explore how market potential, formal institutions, taxes, access to finance, regional policy instruments, and digitalization have affected small business activity in 83 Russian regions during 2008–2018. We use various regional data sources and official statistics to study the effects of regional business environments on entrepreneurship. Our results suggest that Russia’s business environment, including policy measures in taxation, is important in explaining small business activity, however digital transformation and the role of market potential can be better controlled by entrepreneurs in terms of what skills to learn and where to locate their businesses. In addition, we discuss the effect of exogenous shocks and changes in the business environment, along with dynamics, challenges, and perspectives of entrepreneurship in Russia

Separation of Rare Earth Elements in Multistage Extraction Columns in Chromatography Mode: Experimental Study and Mathematical Simulation

The application of liquid–liquid chromatography principles to solvent extraction processes in hydrometallurgy can greatly simplify rare earth metal separation technologies by separating multicomponent mixtures in one technological operation. In this study, the chromatographic separation of rare earth elements (REEs) in multistage extraction columns was experimentally studied under conditions of impulse sample injection—single and multiple loading of large volumes of metal salt solution into the installation. The results obtained showed the feasibility of operating sieve plate extraction columns in the liquid–liquid chromatography mode. A closed-loop recycling technology is proposed for the separation of rare earth elements in multistage extraction columns operating in the liquid–liquid chromatography mode. For further development and industrial implementation of this technology, experimental studies should be conducted on intensified multistage extraction columns, such as sectioned columns with agitators and vibrating plate columns. Computer simulation of the chromatographic separation of rare earth elements by closed-loop recycling liquid–liquid chromatography was carried out