Ecological safety as an important part of environmental and people security

The article substantiates the importance of finding and studying methods of restructuring of consciousness in relation to nature, the development of new priorities of interaction between society and the environment as a fundamentally different path of development of civilization. The main characteristics of environmental education as one of the main social aspects of environmental safety at the present stage are given. The essence and assessment of ecological competence as an important integral indicator of learning achievements are defined. It is shown, what features are characterized by global ecological safety and on what the safety of human stay both in the workplace and in the environment is based. The authors show a set of environmental standards, which are important to ensure environmental safety. The problems of environmental security, as well as methods of scientific study of environmental factors are presented. It is shown what impact anthropogenic environmental security has on global environmental security. An analysis of the requirements that should be observed in the construction process, such as planning and development of territories, so that it is not a threat to the environmental safety of the environment in general and individuals in particular is carried out. The basic hygienic principle of the planning organization of the territory of new areas of human habitation as well as reconstruction of old territories is presented. It is shown that to ensure human ecological safety around industrial enterprises and facilities with technological processes it is necessary to create special protections, sanitary and protection zones

Dynamic Processes of Substructural Rearrangement under Friction of Carbon Steel

The effect of heat treatment (tempering temperature after quenching) of medium carbon steels (steel 45 and steel 50) on tribological indicators at sliding friction without lubrication in connection with the change in strength and rheological elastic properties of steel, controlling the dissipative properties of the frictional contact has been studied. Tribotechnical tests were conducted according to two schemes. A high-temperature tribometer was used for “soft” friction according to the “ball-plane” scheme, which allowed varying the temperature of the friction contact. Influence of load-rate modes was studied in more “hard” conditions on the friction machine under the “finger-disk” scheme. Substructural transformations of steel caused by heat treatment were evaluated by changes in amplitude-dependent internal friction on a torsion pendulum-type machine, which also allowed measuring frictional damping (contact internal friction) in the preliminary displacement mode. The interrelation between hardness, elastic modulus and internal friction of steel and wear resistance, wear capacity, friction coefficient and the level of frictional damping has been established. It is shown that the growth of elastic modulus and increase of steel relaxation resistance after the appropriate heat treatment are conjugated with the development of adhesion and setting, which, as topochemical reactions in the solid phase, are the leading forms of contact stress relaxation under the above conditions. Correlation of tribological indicators of external friction with amplitude-dependent and relaxation (temperature-dependent) internal friction taking into account structural state of steel and friction temperature regime is established. Substructural preconditions, dynamic relaxation mechanisms of hardening and load-temperature friction conditions under which martensitic structures exhibit abnormally high wear resistance and significant growth of frictional damping level are considered. The tribological analogue of the Porteuen - Le Chatelier effect, manifesting in the form of frictional self-oscillations in the range of temperatures of dynamic deformation aging is established. A treatment of the nature of the Kael-Ziebel effect, the temperature-rate and load localization of which in friction is associated with the temperature range of dynamic strain aging with Snook-Kester relaxation superimposed, is propose