Reality of Consensus Formation Process in “Discussion Activity” Among Upper Graders in Elementary School: Based on Analysis of Utterance/Description of Students

本研究の目的は，小学校6年生を対象に，「話合い活動」での児童の言動を発話内容と記述内容の視点から分析することを通じて，合意形成過程の実態を明らかにすることであった。まず，発話内容の結果から，各月で特徴は異なるものの，「話合い活動」に参加した児童の半数以上が，「話合い活動」とその後の実践を継続的に経験することで，他者との相互作用のある対話である反証型および共有型の発話を重ねて合意形成に至ったことが明らかになった。次に，記述内容の結果から，「話合い活動」後に振り返りを提出した児童の大半が，「話合い活動」とその後の実践を継続的に経験することで，メタ認知的活動（モニター・照合・調整）に基づく共有過程を辿ったことが明らかになった。The current study was conducted for elementary school 6th graders, aimed at clarifying the consensus formation process based on an analysis of their utterances/descriptions in various “Discussion Activities”. The utterance contents revealed that more than half of the students who participated in the “Discussion Activity” reached a consensus formation after repeated disconfirmation type and sharing type utterances, which are interactive dialogues with others. Meanwhile, the description contents revealed that most of the students who submitted to self-searching after the “Discussion Activity” followed a sharing process based on metacognitive activity (monitoring, verification, adjusting).本研究は，日本学術振興会科学研究費助成事業　基盤研究（C）課題番号18K02758：多様性に富む共生社会構築に向けた小学校用「多様性把握シート」の作成と活用（代表 若松昭彦）により行われた

Fish mesonephric model of polycystic kidney disease in medaka (Oryzias latipes) pc mutant

Fish mesonephric model of polycystic kidney disease in medaka (Oryzias latipes) pc mutant.BackgroundPolycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common hereditary disease. A number of murine and zebrafish mutants have been generated and used for the study of PKD as metanephric and pronephric models, respectively. Here, we report a medaka (Oryzias latipes) mutant that develops numerous cysts in the kidney in adulthood fish in an autosomal-recessive manner as a mesonephric model of PKD.MethodsThe phenotypes of the medaka pc mutant were described in terms of morphologic, histologic, and ultrastructural features. The pc see-through stock was produced by crossing a pc mutant and a fish from the see-through stock and used for observing the kidney through the transparent body wall of a live fish.ResultsThe mutant developed bilateral massive enlargement of the kidney in adulthood. They sexually matured normally within 2 months of age and died within 6 months of age. The affected kidney was occupied by numerous, fluid-filled cysts, which were lined by attenuated squamous epithelial cells. Developmentally, cystic formation began in the pronephros in 10-day-old fry and in the mesonephros in 20-day-old fry at the microscopic level. The pc see-through stock was useful in observing disease progression in live fish.ConclusionThe kidney disorder that develops in the medaka pc mutant is a mesonephric counterpart of PKD, particularly an autosomal-dominant PKD, based on its morphologic, histologic, and ultrastructural features, and slow progression

Polycystic Kidney Disease in the Medaka (Oryzias latipes) pc Mutant Caused by a Mutation in the Gli-Similar3 (glis3) Gene

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common hereditary disease in humans. Recent studies have shown an increasing number of ciliary genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of PKD. In this study, the Gli-similar3 (glis3) gene was identified as the causal gene of the medaka pc mutant, a model of PKD. In the pc mutant, a transposon was found to be inserted into the fourth intron of the pc/glis3 gene, causing aberrant splicing of the pc/glis3 mRNA and thus a putatively truncated protein with a defective zinc finger domain. pc/glis3 mRNA is expressed in the epithelial cells of the renal tubules and ducts of the pronephros and mesonephros, and also in the pancreas. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of pc/glis3 resulted in cyst formation in the pronephric tubules of medaka fry. Although three other glis family members, glis1a, glis1b and glis2, were found in the medaka genome, none were expressed in the embryonic or larval kidney. In the pc mutant, the urine flow rate in the pronephros was significantly reduced, which was considered to be a direct cause of renal cyst formation. The cilia on the surface of the renal tubular epithelium were significantly shorter in the pc mutant than in wild-type, suggesting that shortened cilia resulted in a decrease in driving force and, in turn, a reduction in urine flow rate. Most importantly, EGFP-tagged pc/glis3 protein localized in primary cilia as well as in the nucleus when expressed in mouse renal epithelial cells, indicating a strong connection between pc/glis3 and ciliary function. Unlike human patients with GLIS3 mutations, the medaka pc mutant shows none of the symptoms of a pancreatic phenotype, such as impaired insulin expression and/or diabetes, suggesting that the pc mutant may be suitable for use as a kidney-specific model for human GLIS3 patients

Intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis during segmentectomy for non-small cell lung cancer by rapid immunohistochemistry using noncontact alternating current electric field mixing

Background: Although lobectomy is considered the standard surgery for any non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), recent evidence indicates that for early NSCLCs segmentectomy may be equally effective. For segmentectomy to be oncologically safe, however, adequate intraoperative lymph node staging is essential. The aim of this study was to compare the results of a new rapid-IHC system to the HE analysis for intraoperative nodal diagnosis in lung cancer patients considered for segmentectomy. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the pathological reports from NSCLC resections over a six-year period between 2014 and 2020. Using a new device for rapid-IHC, we applied a high-voltage, low-frequency alternating current (AC) field, which mixes the antipancytokeratin antibody as the voltage is switched on/off. Rapid-IHC can provide a nodal diagnosis within 20 minutes. Results: Frozen sections from 106 resected lymph nodes from 70 patients were intraoperatively evaluated for metastasis. Of those, five nodes were deemed positive based on both HE staining and rapid-IHC. In addition, rapid-IHC alone detected isolated tumor cells in one hilar lymph node. Three cStage IA patients with nodal metastasis detected with HE staining and rapid-IHC received complete lobectomies. Five-year relapse-free survival and overall survival among patients receiving segmentectomy with rapid-IHC were 88.77% and 88.79%, respectively. Conclusions: Rapid-IHC driven by AC mixing is simple, highly accurate, and preserves nodal tissue for subsequent tests. This system can be used effectively for intraoperative nodal diagnosis. Rapid immunohistochemistry based on alternating-current field mixing (completed within 20 minutes) is simple and highly accurate. This system will assist clinicians when making intraoperative diagnoses of lymph node metastasis and deciding upon the appropriate surgical procedure in segmentectomy for lung cancer

Harmonization across programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) assays for lung cancer by immunohistochemistry using noncontact alternating current electric field mixing

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a promising advance in the treatment of patients with lung cancer. However, each ICI has been tested with an independently designed companion diagnostic assay that is based on a unique antibody. Consequently, the different trial-validated programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays should not be considered interchangeable. Our aim was to compare the performance of each available PD-L1 antibody for its ability to accurately measure PD-L1 expression and to investigate the possibility of harmonization across antibodies through the use of a new rapid IHC system, which uses noncontact alternating current (AC) mixing to achieve more stable staining. Methods First, 58 resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens were stained using three PD-L1 IHC assays (28-8, SP142, and SP263) to assess the harmonization achieved with AC mixing IHC. Second, specimens from 27 patients receiving ICIs for postoperative recurrent NSCLC were stained using the same IHC method to compare the clinical performance of ICIs to PD-L1 scores. All patients received a tumor proportion score (TPS) with the 22C3 companion diagnostic test. Results Better staining was achieved with the new AC mixing IHC method than the conventional IHC in PD-L1-positive cases, and the interchangeability of some combinations of assays was increased in PD-L1-positive. In addition, AC mixing IHC provided more appropriate overall response rates for ICIs in all assays. Conclusions Stable PD-L1 IHC driven by AC mixing helped to improve TPS scoring and patient selection for ICIs through interchangeable assays

A Japanese retrospective study of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in children, adolescents, and young adult patients with hematologic-oncologic diseases

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (NTM) is rare in healthy children, with lymphadenitis being the most common presentation. Immunocompromised populations are known to be at high risk, but the clinical picture of NTM infection in pediatric hematology/oncology patients is unclear. In this nationwide retrospective analysis of patients under the age of 40 treated in Japanese pediatric hematology/oncology departments who developed NTM infection between January 2010 and December 2020, 36 patients (21 patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and 15 nontransplant patients) were identified. Post-transplant patients were infected with NTM at 24 sites, including the lungs (n = 12), skin and soft tissues (n = 6), bloodstream (n = 4), and others (n = 2). Nine of twelve patients with pulmonary NTM infection had a history of pulmonary graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and rapid-growing mycobacteria (RGM) were isolated from five of them. In nontransplant patients, the primary diseases were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 5), inborn errors of immunity (IEI; n = 6), and others (n = 4). All cases of ALL had bloodstream infections with RGM, whereas all cases of IEI were infected with slow-growing mycobacteria (SGM). In summary, three typical clinical scenarios for pediatric hematology/oncology patients have been established: RGM-induced pulmonary disease in patients with pulmonary GVHD, RGM bloodstream infection in patients with ALL, and SGM infection in patients with IEI. Our findings suggest that NTM must be regarded as a pathogen for infections in these high-risk patients, especially those with pulmonary GVHD, who may require active screening for NTM