1,515 research outputs found
Conservation of with radiative corrections from heavy field
In this paper, we address a possible impact of radiative corrections from a
heavy scalar field on the curvature perturbation . Integrating
out , we derive the effective action for , which includes the loop
corrections of the heavy field . When the mass of is much larger
than the Hubble scale , the loop corrections of only yield a local
contribution to the effective action and hence the effective action simply
gives an action for in a single field model, where, as is widely known,
is conserved in time after the Hubble crossing time. Meanwhile, when
the mass of is comparable to , the loop corrections of can
give a non-local contribution to the effective action. Because of the non-local
contribution from , in general, may not be conserved, even if the
classical background trajectory is determined only by the evolution of the
inflaton. In this paper, we derive the condition that is conserved in
time in the presence of the radiative corrections from . Namely, we show
that when the scaling symmetry, which is a part of the diffeomorphism
invariance, is preserved at the quantum level, the loop corrections of the
massive field do not disturb the constant evolution of at super
Hubble scales. In this discussion, we show the Ward-Takahashi identity for the
scaling symmetry, which yields a consistency relation for the correlation
functions of the massive field .Comment: 27 pages, 1 figure; v2: updated references and minor revision
Strong restriction on inflationary vacua from the local gauge invariance I: Local gauge invariance and infrared regularity
The primordial perturbation is widely accepted to be generated through the
vacuum fluctuation of the scalar field which drives inflation. It is, however,
not completely clear what is the natural vacuum in the inflationary universe
particularly in the presence of non-linear interactions. In this series of
papers, we will address this issue, focusing on the condition required for the
removal of the divergence from the infrared (IR) contribution to loop diagrams.
We show that requesting the gauge invariance in the local observable universe
guarantees the IR regularity of the loop corrections beginning with a simple
initial state. In our previous works, the IR regularity condition was discussed
using the slow roll expansion, which restricts the background evolution of the
inflationary universe. We will show more generally that requesting the gauge
invariance/the IR regularity leads to non-trivial constraints on the allowed
quantum states.Comment: 14 page
Strong restriction on inflationary vacua from the local gauge invariance III: Infrared regularity of graviton loops
It has been claimed that the super Hubble modes of the graviton generated
during inflation can make loop corrections diverge. Even if we introduce an
infrared (IR) cutoff at a comoving scale as an ad hoc but a practical way for
the regularization, we encounter the secular growth, which may lead to the
breakdown of perturbative expansion for a sufficiently long lasting inflation.
In this paper, we show that the IR pathology concerning the graviton can be
attributed to the presence of residual gauge degrees of freedom in the local
observable universe as in the case of the adiabatic curvature perturbation. We
will show that choosing the Euclidean vacuum as the initial state ensures the
invariance under the above-mentioned residual gauge transformations. We will
also show that as long as we consider a gauge invariant quantity in the local
universe, we encounter neither the IR divergence nor the secular growth. The
argument in this paper applies to general single field models of inflation up
to a sufficiently high order in perturbation.Comment: 34 pages; v2: minor revision, published in PTEP. arXiv admin note:
text overlap with arXiv:1306.446
Natural selection of inflationary vacuum required by infra-red regularity and gauge-invariance
It has been an issue of debate whether the inflationary infrared(IR)
divergences are physical or not. Our claim is that, at least, in single-field
models, the answer is "No," and that the spurious IR divergence is originating
from the careless treatment of the gauge modes. In our previous work we have
explicitly shown that the IR divergence is absent in the genuine
gauge-invariant quantity at the leading order in the slow-roll approximation.
We extend our argument to include higher-order slow-roll corrections and the
contributions from the gravitational waves. The key issue is to assure the
gauge invariance in the choice of the initial vacuum, which is a new concept
that has not been considered in conventional calculations.Comment: 12 pages; v3: several descriptions are added; v4: accepted version in
PT
The Current Status of Knowledge and Behavior Related to STI Prevention among High School Students in Korea
This study explores coping with STIs and related factors including knowledge, sexual behavior, and sex education among Korean adolescents. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 135 male and 150 female high school students. The results showed that 2.1% of participants had had sexual experience. Males had less information than females (p<0.05); 38.5% of males did not consult anyone. In contrast, females acquired information from and consulted with their parents. Although females' sexual abstinence behavior was higher than that of males (p<0.001), there were no significant differences in the STI knowledge test. Regarding sex education, 32.4–59.5% of students had received education on STIs. Students' degree of satisfaction with sexual knowledge was 10.2%, their understanding of STIs was poor, and they could not cope with having a checkup. In conclusion, high school students receive insufficient education to protect themselves from STIs. Their knowledge was not related to sexual abstinence behavior and coping behavior. Therefore, schools in Korea should provide high school students with appropriate education on STI prevention and coping behavior. In addition, an environment that facilitates consultation and clinics for helping young people deal with sexual problems should be provided
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