A Review on the Suffix-Free Related to Negation and Spatial Cognition

Photograph taken by Salt Lake Tribune staf

Pathological Features of New Animal Models for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by immune mediated biliary damage and frequent appearance of autoantibodies against mitochondrial enzymes. There is almost no useful animal model that is globally recognized and routinely used, however, several unique animal models manifested the characteristic clinical and pathological features of human PBC within the last 5 years. Herein, we compare the pathological features of previously reported and newly introduced novel animal models of PBC. Knowledge and understanding of the strengths and the limitations of each animal model have led to the development of promising therapies and novel tools to characterize these clinical conditions. Moreover, suitability of the model for the intended purpose should be confirmed by further research and analysis

Novel anti-decay self-setting paste of hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite utilizing GPTMS

Bone is a typical inorganic/ortganic nanocomposite mainly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals and collagen molecules. The composition and nanostructure is closely related to bone’s biomechanical and biochemical properties. One of the most important things for bone is a bone remodeling process that maintains mechanical strength of bone to allow walking and running as well as homeostasis of calcium in our body. In fact, sintered HAp composed of HAp crystals approximately 1 µm in particle size is considered as non-bioresorbable; however HAp nanocrystals easily resorbed by osteoclasts. A hydroxyapatite/collagen bone-like nanocomposite (HAp/Col) was successfully synthesized by the authors via self-organizing process. [1] The HAp/Col is incorporated into bone remodeling process completely as the same as the autologous bone transplanted and substituted with new bone in 3 months. Porous type HAp/Col was also developed by the authors and shows spoge-like viscoelastity in wet condition. [2] The porous HAp/Col had been tested clinically and has been being sold in Japan from April, 2013 as ReFit®. According to the clinical test [3], the HAp/Col shows higher rate of remarkable efficiency in comparison to Osferion®, porous β-tricalcium phosphate, for substitution with newly formed bone. In addition, sponge-like deformability allows to fit irregular shape of bone defects as well as to press to pack the porous HAp/Col in cavity created by removal of benign bone tumor. On the other hand, recent need from surgeon for bone filler is a self-setting bone paste with bioresorbability. Previously, the HAp/Col anti-decay self-setting paste was prepared successfully with the use of sodium alginate and calcium compounds. It showed tolerant paste properties; however, the paste contained 30 % in mass of calcium compounds that could interfered excellent biological activity of the HAp/Col. In this study, the HAp/Col paste with injectability, self-setting and anti-decay abilities was prepared using the HAp/Col powder and 1 % in volume of 3-glycidoxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane (GPTMS) aqueous solution. The paste obtained was evaluated by viscosity, hardening behavior and anti-decay property tests. The HAp/Col was synthesized according to ref 1. The HAp/Col was compacted with specially designed mold by uniaxially press squeezing of water from the HAp/Col. The HAp/Col compact was then crushed and ball-milled to obtain the HAp/Col particles of 100 µm or less in size. The GPTMS was dissolved in pure water at 1 % in volume and steadily placed in 25 °C for 1 h to allow hydrolysis of the GPTMS to form silanol groups. The HAp/Col powder (powder phase, P) and the GPTMS aqueous solution (liquid phase, L) were mixed at 0.20-2.00 of P/L ratio in g/cm3 to obtain a HAp/Col paste. A viscosity of the HAp/Col paste obtained was measured according to ref 1. Briefly, the paste obtained was shaped to cylinder at 5 mm in diameter and 5.1 mm in hight and start pressing at 10 min after mixing by 2 kg weight for 10 min. A spread area of the paste was measured from digital photo with Image-J. Hardening behavior was measured using the viscosity test as a function of time, because softness of the paste did not allow to apply conventional the needle method. Anti-decay property was tested according to JIS T 0330-4:2012 [5]; briefly, the paste shaped in cylinder 4.8 mm in diameter and 16.5 mm in height was placed on wire mesh and, at 5 min after mixing, soaked in phosphate buffered saline for 72 h. Debris were then collected and measured their mass, and decay ratio was calculated as debris/original masses. The paste with P/L ratio of 0.2 could not shaped by its high fluidity and that of 2.0 could not shaped because of its aggregation. The paste with P/L ratio of 0.33 could injected through 18G needle and others could injected through syringe with 1.8 mm in inner diameter. The viscosity of the paste increased with increasing in P/L ratio and did not depend on the amounts of GPTMS. The initial hardening was observed first 30-40 min from mixing and gradually hardened. The paste with P/L ratio of 1.5 showed mechanical strength more than 1 MPa with viscoelastic property. No significant decay was observed for all pastes. The HAp/Col-GPTMS paste can be good candidate for high performance injectable bone filler as well as a raw material for 3D printing

Effect of pair interactions on transition probabilities between inactive and active states: achieving collective behaviour via pair interactions in social insects

To understand the evolution of well-organized social behaviour, we must first understand the mechanism by which collective behaviour establishes. In this study, the mechanisms of collective behaviour in a colony of social insects were studied in terms of the transition probability between active and inactive states, which is linked to mutual interactions. The active and inactive states of the social insects were statistically extracted from the velocity profiles. From the duration distributions of the two states, we found that 1) the durations of active and inactive states follow an exponential law, and 2) pair interactions increase the transition probability from inactive to active states. The regulation of the transition probability by paired interactions suggests that such interactions control the populations of active and inactive workers in the colony