Mid-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials: Monitoring the Depth of Hypnosis in Children: MLAEP in children during anesthesia

Evaluating the performance of a mid-latency auditory evoked potentials based depth of hypnosis monitor in children receiving anesthesia.AIMS OF THIS THESIS - To assess the thoughts and opinions of (pediatric) anesthesiologists about the use of depth of hypnosis monitoring in children receiving anesthesia. - To inventory the perceived need for a reliable depth of hypnosis monitor for children. - To review the current literature concerning the use of MLAEP in children receiving anesthesia. - To evaluate the performance of the aepEX monitor in children receiving anesthesia with commonly available hypnotics

DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AIRPORT OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE AREAS AND OTHER AIRPORT CHARACTERISTICS

In this thesis, a methodology is proposed to investigate pair-wise relationships between different types of airport operational performance variables. The methodology represents a fundamental contribution for comparing airport performance between different air traffic management systems. Considerable attention is paid to analyzing the most appropriate techniques in an effort to produce the most reliable results. Additionally, a method to display the results in a simple and clear way is also suggested to allow users to understand the results visually. The key variables obtained from the proposed methodology not only serve as building blocks for developing models to answer a variety of air traffic questions, which allow policy makers to make decisions on allocating resources wisely, but also can be used as an evaluation tool to assist the FAA in selecting candidate projects

H-atom and O-atom methods: from balancing redox reactions to determining the number of transferred electrons

Defining and balancing redox reaction requires both chemical knowledge and mathematical skills. The prevalent approach is to use the concept of oxidation number to determine the number of transferred electrons. However, the task of calculating oxidation numbers is often challenging. In this article, the H-atom method and O-atom method are developed for balancing redox equations. These two methods are based on the definition of redox reaction, which is the gain and loss of hydrogen or oxygen atoms. They complement current practices and provide an alternate path to balance redox equations. The advantage of these methods is that calculation of oxidation number is not required. Atoms are balanced instead. By following standard operating procedures, H-atom, O-atom, and H2O molecule act as artificial devices to balance both inorganic and organic equations in molecular forms. By using the H-atom and O-atom methods, the number of transferred electrons can be determined by the number of transferred H-atoms or O-atoms, which are demonstrated as electroncounting concepts for balancing redox reactions. In addition, the relationships among the number of transferred H-atom, the number of transferred O-atom, the number of transferred electrons, and the change of oxidation numbers are established

From Balancing Redox Reactions to Determining Change of Oxidation Numbers

Redox reaction is a core concept in teaching and learning chemistry. This article explores a new method for balancing organic redox reactions that requires the balancing of both atoms and charges. The H+, O, H2O, and e– are used as balanced vehicles in two half reactions. A non-oxidation number approach can be applied to both molecular and ionic equations. The article also provides standard operating procedures and examples. The number of transferred electrons is first determined by balancing a half redox reaction; consequently; the change of oxidation numbers can be calculated. The mathematical equation of Te– = n Te– = n ΔON is established, and the change of oxidation numbers (ΔON) can be counted by the number of transferred electrons (Te–) and the number of atoms with oxidation numbers change (n). By using this mathematical equation as a new approach, students can conveniently calculate the change of mean oxidation numbers for an assigned atom in a half redox reaction

Electrical Charge Method for Balancing, Quantifying, and Defining Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are important in both theoretical studies and practical uses. The concept is also one of the most difficult to teach and learn (Goes, Nogueira & Fernandez, 2020). In general chemistry textbooks, the oxidation number method is a fundamental approach for counting the number of transferred electrons and understanding redox reactions (Tro, 2020; Chang & Goldsby, 2013). Without knowing oxidation number, redox reactions cannot be defined and balanced. Algebraic methods, such as linear simultaneous equations method (Porter, 1985; Olson, 1997; Kolb, 1979) and matrix method (Blakley, 1982; Risteski, 2011), can balance redox reactions, but they cannot define them chemically. The relationships among oxidation number, transferred electrons, and electrical charge, can also be confusing for students (Garnett & Treagust, 1992; Brandriet & Bretz, 2014). In response to the limitations of the oxidation number method and the algebraic methods, the electrical charge method for balancing and defining redox reaction is developed in this article. This method does not require calculation of oxidation number nor use of electron. It only requires balancing of atoms and electrical charges by using two half reactions in a redox reaction. The key parameter is electrical charge, which acts as a concept to balance, quantify, and define redox reactions. By using simple arithmetic operations, the electrical charge method is appliable for balancing both ionic and molecular chemical equations