On Endospectral Bipartite Graphs

A novel approach is proposed to determining and constructing endospectral bipartite graphs. More than fifty new species and families of hexagonal lattice with endospectral pairs are listed and principles of their generation are outlined

Factorization of the Hückel Hamiltonian Matrix for Highly Symmetrical Molecules

A simple approach to the group-theoretical factorizing of the Hamiltonian matrix of highly symmetrical molecules is presented. This approach, which is based on the Lanczos method, requires only a symmetry-adapted linear combination (SALC) for each category of irreducible representation (IR) of the molecular point-group, while it reduces the size of the problem by more than one order of magnitude. We demonstrate the treatment by applying it to the study of electronic structures of the Goldberg type-II fullerenes, Cgo, C1go, C320, C50o and Cggo within the Hückel tight-binding framework. The results, in terms of the factor characteristic polynomial (or the subspectrum) for each category of irreducible representation, are presented for these giant molecules

Raising Maize Productivity through Agricultural Credit A: Case Study of Commercial Banks in Pakistan

Agriculture is an extremely important sector of Pakistan’s economy. This sector contributes more than 20.9 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment to 43.5 percent of the total labour force of the country. Almost 68 % of the population of Pakistan lives in rural areas and earns its livelihood, directly or indirectly, from agricultural activities such as  crop cultivation, livestock rearing, labour in agriculture, agriculture input supply, transportation of agricultural output to the market etc. Thus, in Pakistan  commercial Banks such as Allied Bank limited (ABL),United Bank limited (UBL),National Bank limited (NBP), Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Habib Bank Limited (HBL) have been playing vital role in the provision of agriculture credit for the last two decades. The government of Pakistan has been extending loan to small farmers for adoption of new farm technology to enhance agricultural productivity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of agricultural credit on maize production by using the secondary data for the period of 1991-2014. Cobb- Douglas production function was applied to estimate using OLS method and all the variables transformed to per cultivated hectare. Thus, results indicates that agricultural credit, maize cropped area and agricultural labour force are positively significant related to maize production. Keywords: Institutional credit, Maize production, Time series analysis, Pakista

Time Series Analysis of the Impact of Rising Prices of Inorganic Fertilizers on Field Crops Production: A Case Study of Pakistan

In this study, we have analyzed the impact of rising prices of inorganic fertilizers on field crops production in Pakistan by using time series 1986 to 2012. Ordinary Least Square method was used to investigate model parameters. The empirical results showed that when price of fertilizer such as Urea, DAP, SSP and SOP increase 1 percent, production of Sugarcane,  Maize and Rice  were decrease at 91.146,1.943 and 4.443 tonnes respectively. The prices of major fertilizer products during the last five years are increasing. Now, as price increasing, the less used of fertilizers. Therefore, the agricultural productivity is low due to low use of inputs. The main increase was in the DAP price due to a high price on the international market. Now prices of major fertilizers, are Urea, 1700 DAP 4000, NP 2600, and SOP 3700, SSP 1200 per 50Kg bag respectively. Therefore, our study suggest that Government of Pakistan should support small farmers through credit schemes on affordable interest rate and subsidize on agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds and pesticide. It will help in raising farm productivity. Keywords: Agriculture, Price of Fertilizers, Crop productio

A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown extraordinary capabilities in understanding and generating text that closely mirrors human communication. However, a primary limitation lies in the significant computational demands during training, arising from their extensive parameterization. This challenge is further intensified by the dynamic nature of the world, necessitating frequent updates to LLMs to correct outdated information or integrate new knowledge, thereby ensuring their continued relevance. Note that many applications demand continual model adjustments post-training to address deficiencies or undesirable behaviors. There is an increasing interest in efficient, lightweight methods for on-the-fly model modifications. To this end, recent years have seen a burgeoning in the techniques of knowledge editing for LLMs, which aim to efficiently modify LLMs' behaviors within specific domains while preserving overall performance across various inputs. In this paper, we first define the knowledge editing problem and then provide a comprehensive review of cutting-edge approaches. Drawing inspiration from educational and cognitive research theories, we propose a unified categorization criterion that classifies knowledge editing methods into three groups: resorting to external knowledge, merging knowledge into the model, and editing intrinsic knowledge. Furthermore, we introduce a new benchmark, KnowEdit, for a comprehensive empirical evaluation of representative knowledge editing approaches. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of knowledge location, which can give a deeper understanding of the knowledge structures inherent within LLMs. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of knowledge editing, outlining its broad and impactful implications.Comment: Ongoing work; 52 pages, 282 citations; benchmark is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/zjunlp/KnowEdit code is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/EasyEdit paper list is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/KnowledgeEditingPaper

The history of degenerate (bipartite) extremal graph problems

This paper is a survey on Extremal Graph Theory, primarily focusing on the case when one of the excluded graphs is bipartite. On one hand we give an introduction to this field and also describe many important results, methods, problems, and constructions.Comment: 97 pages, 11 figures, many problems. This is the preliminary version of our survey presented in Erdos 100. In this version 2 only a citation was complete

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study

Background and purpose: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) can cause severe damage to body functions and even lead to death. The prevention of CINV is critically important in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy regimen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and treatment of CINV in Grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai and explore risk factors of CINV to improve its management. Methods: The clinical data of 376 cancer patients in Grade-A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai from October 2022 to December 2022 were collected retrospectively. The questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study. The univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the influencing factors of CINV. Results: The management and coincidence of the guideline in 2022 significantly improved compared to five years ago. For patients receiving high-emetic-risk chemotherapy regimen, the coincidence of the guideline increased from 21.6% to 67.0%. For patients receiving moderate-emetic-risk chemotherapy regimen, the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist was not significantly associated with CINV. Multivariable analysis showed that the chemotherapy regimen was the only risk factor for CINV during the whole period (P<0.05). Conclusion: The chemotherapy regimen is the main risk factor for CINV. To control CINV better, clinical practitioners should focus on the intrinsic risk of chemotherapy regimens preferentially, estimate the risk and adhere better to guidelines

Comparison of Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) and Furin-2A (F2A) for Monoclonal Antibody Expression Level and Quality in CHO Cells

10.1371/journal.pone.0063247PLoS ONE85

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

An empirical study with samples from Sichuan Province

PRIFPRI3; Nutrition and Health; Farm and Household Economics; Public Policy and InvestmentDG