164 research outputs found
Deep-subwavelength features of photonic skyrmions in a confined electromagnetic field with orbital angular momentum
In magnetic materials, skyrmions are nanoscale regions where the orientation
of electron spin changes in a vortex-type manner. Here we show that spin-orbit
coupling in a focused vector beam results in a skyrmion-like photonic spin
distribution of the excited waveguided fields. While diffraction limits the
spatial size of intensity distributions, the direction of the field, defining
photonic spin, is not subject to this limitation. We demonstrate that the
skyrmion spin structure varies on the deep-subwavelength scales down to 1/60 of
light wavelength, which corresponds to about 10 nanometre lengthscale. The
application of photonic skyrmions may range from high-resolution imaging and
precision metrology to quantum technologies and data storage where the spin
structure of the field, not its intensity, can be applied to achieve
deep-subwavelength optical patterns
Spin/momentum properties of the paraxial optical beams
Spin angular momentum, an elementary dynamical property of classical
electromagnetic fields, plays an important role in spin-orbit and light-matter
interactions, especially in near-field optics. The research on optical spins
has led to the discovery of phenomena such as optical spin-momentum locking and
photonic topological quasiparticles, as well as applications in high-precision
detection and nanometrology. Here, we investigate spin-momentum relations in
paraxial optical systems and show that the optical spin angular momentum
contains transverse and longitudinal spin components simultaneously. The
transverse spin originates from inhomogeneities of field and governed by the
vorticity of the kinetic momentum density, whereas the longitudinal spin
parallel to the local canonical momentum is proportional to the polarization
ellipticity of light. Moreover, the skyrmionlike spin textures arise from the
optical transverse spin can be observed in paraxial beams, and their topologies
are maintained free from the influence of the Gouy phase during propagation.
Interestingly, the optical singularities, including both phase and polarization
singularities, can also affect the spin-momentum properties significantly. Our
findings describe the intrinsic spin-momentum properties in paraxial optical
systems and apply in the analysis of the properties of spin-momentum in optical
focusing, imaging, and scattering systems.Comment: 20 pages; 6 figures, 151 reference
Are your comments outdated? Towards automatically detecting code-comment consistency
In software development and maintenance, code comments can help developers
understand source code, and improve communication among developers. However,
developers sometimes neglect to update the corresponding comment when changing
the code, resulting in outdated comments (i.e., inconsistent codes and
comments). Outdated comments are dangerous and harmful and may mislead
subsequent developers. More seriously, the outdated comments may lead to a
fatal flaw sometime in the future. To automatically identify the outdated
comments in source code, we proposed a learning-based method, called CoCC, to
detect the consistency between code and comment. To efficiently identify
outdated comments, we extract multiple features from both codes and comments
before and after they change. Besides, we also consider the relation between
code and comment in our model. Experiment results show that CoCC can
effectively detect outdated comments with precision over 90%. In addition, we
have identified the 15 most important factors that cause outdated comments, and
verified the applicability of CoCC in different programming languages. We also
used CoCC to find outdated comments in the latest commits of open source
projects, which further proves the effectiveness of the proposed method
On-chip plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting for simultaneously detecting phase and polarization singularities
Phase and polarization singularities are important degrees of freedom for electromagnetic field manipulation. Detecting these singularities is essential for modern optics, but it is still a challenge, especially in integrated optical systems. In this paper, we propose an on-chip plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting structure that simultaneously detects both the polarization and phase singularities of the incident cylindrical vortex vector beam (CVVB). The nanograting is symmetry-breaking with different periods for the upper and lower parts, which enables the unidirectional excitation of the surface plasmon polariton depending on the topological charge of the incident optical vortex beam. Additionally, spin-Hall meta-slits are integrated onto the grating so that the structure has a chiral response for polarization detection. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the designed structure fully discriminates both the topological charges and polarization states of the incident beam simultaneously. The proposed structure has great potential in compact integrated photonic circuits
- …