Forms and Practices of Interbudgetary Relations in USSR in 1950s — First Half of 1960s

The forms and practices of interbudgetary relations in the USSR in the 1950s and early 1960s are considered. It is noted that the term interbudgetary relations in its broad interpretation can be used to describe the processes that took place in the budgetary system of the USSR. But, with one amendment: interbudgetary relations in the period under review should be understood as relations between the levels of the unified budgetary system of the Soviet Union, and not relations between equal subjects, as is interpreted in modern scientific literature. Record keeping materials of organizations, institutions and departments involved at different levels in the regulation of interbudgetary relations were used as sources. It is shown that interbudgetary relations took place in several forms: 1) the formation of th regulatory part of the revenues of lower budgets from tax deductions and revenues received by higher budgets; 2) implementation of interbudgetary transfers in the form of grants, subsidies and subventions; 3) implementation of the mechanism for settling budget disagreements. The authors come to the conclusion that each of these forms contributed to the achievement of a balance between the incomes of individual levels of the budget system and the expenditure obligations assigned to them

Voronoi-Delaunay analysis of normal modes in a simple model glass

We combine a conventional harmonic analysis of vibrations in a one-atomic model glass of soft spheres with a Voronoi-Delaunay geometrical analysis of the structure. ``Structure potentials'' (tetragonality, sphericity or perfectness) are introduced to describe the shape of the local atomic configurations (Delaunay simplices) as function of the atomic coordinates. Apart from the highest and lowest frequencies the amplitude weighted ``structure potential'' varies only little with frequency. The movement of atoms in soft modes causes transitions between different ``perfect'' realizations of local structure. As for the potential energy a dynamic matrix can be defined for the ``structure potential''. Its expectation value with respect to the vibrational modes increases nearly linearly with frequency and shows a clear indication of the boson peak. The structure eigenvectors of this dynamical matrix are strongly correlated to the vibrational ones. Four subgroups of modes can be distinguished

Elliptic Ruijsenaars-Schneider model via the Poisson reduction of the Affine Heisenberg Double

It is shown that the elliptic Ruijsenaars-Schneider model can be obtained from the affine Heisenberg Double by means of the Poisson reduction procedure. The dynamical $r$-matrix naturally appears in the construction.Comment: latex, 15 pages, a new section is added where we show that the problem of solving the equations of motion is equivalent to the factorization proble

Biowaiver as a Bioequivalence Study Option

Biowaiver is a procedure for establishing the bioequivalence of generic and reference products without in vivo studies. Regulatory requirements for this procedure, as described in a variety of documents, differ in certain features and aspects. These differences need to be analysed.The aim of the study was to compare international and Russian regulatory approaches to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based biowaivers, provide recommendations on comparative dissolution testing, and outline opportunities for streamlining the regulatory framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).In this article, the authors analyse biowaiver requirements and describe procedures for assessing the permeability and pH-dependent solubility of medicines, comparing dissolution profiles in various media that simulate the gastrointestinal environment, and interpreting test results. This paper shows the role of excipients in the solubility and permeability of an active substance. The authors recommend a methodological approach to the biowaiver procedure for replacing in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro tests under the current EAEU regulatory framework and list the characteristics of medicines that limit the applicability of the procedure. In conclusion, this article provides a rationale for harmonising the existing guidelines and requirements

Application of generalizability theory to evaluate the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and distinguish between enduring and dynamic distress

Objectives: Nowadays, the number of older people is increasing rapidly, both in absolute figures and as a proportion of the population, which makes the maintenance of psychological well-being among aging population imperative. Neuropsychological distress may promote cognitive impairment and impact on the health of older people, which makes accurate assessment of distress an important clinical and research issue. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) is a widely used instrument used to measure individual distress. However, the ability of K-10 to distinguish between enduring and dynamic distress symptoms, and the generalizability of its scores, have not been investigated in older populations using appropriate methodology. Method: Generalizability theory (G-theory) was applied to differentiate enduring and dynamic distress and examine the reliability of K-10 in a sample of 201 adults (43% males) aged 70 to 90 years old who participated in Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. The data were collected biennially over ten years. Results: The K-10 scale showed strong reliability (Ga=0.81, Gr=0.89) in assessing enduring distress and its assessment scores were generalizable across occasions and older adults. Most of distress symptoms represented by K-10 items were enduring. Limitations: Generalizability of these findings may be limited to older adults. Conclusions: The K-10 appears more suitable to evaluate enduring distress in aging populations over time, which is important for interventions targeting older adults’ mental health given its scores will likely capture enduring changes in neuropsychological health before and after interventions