Фармакоэпидемиология: от теоретических основ к практическому применению

pharmacoepidemiology is a well recognized throughout the world scientific discipline studying the use of and the effects of drugs in the whole population or in large groups of people in order to improve efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy. Despite its relatively short history pharmacoepidemiology demonstrated significant influence on public health, due to new findings in efficacy and safety, broadening of indications lists for well recognized drugs, as well as changes in treatment strategies and prognosis for many socially-significant disorders. The history of pharmacoepidemiological studies, their methodology, practical application as well as special aspects and prospects of pharmacoepidemiology development in Russia are described in the article.фармакоэпидемиология – широко признанная в мире научная дисциплина, изучающая применение лекарственных средств и их эффекты на уровне популяции или больших групп людей с целью повысить эффективность и безопасность фармакотерапии. За относительно короткий период своего существования фармакоэпидемиология продемонстрировала существенное влияние на состояние общественного здоровья благодаря появлению новых данных об эффективности и безопасности и расширению показаний к применению известных лекарственных средств, а также изменению стратегии лечения и прогноза многих социально-значимых заболеваний. В настоящем обзоре представлены история фармакоэпидемиологических исследований, описана их методология, изложены практические аспекты применения полученных в ходе исследований данных, а также особенности и перспективы развития фармакоэпидемиологии в РФ

The effectiveness of biofilm formation of daily cultures of clinically significant strains of opportunistic bacteria

Background. The formation of biofilm structures by microorganisms living in the hospital environment is a serious medical problem. To conduct correct experimental studies, it is necessary to know the speed and efficiency of biofilm formation by clinically significant species of opportunistic bacteria.   Aim: to study the kinetics of plankton culture growth and the rate of biofilm formation by clinically significant pathogens of infections associated with medical care to substantiate the methodology of further research.   Materials and methods. The strains from the working collection of the Laboratory for Microbiome and Microecology of the Scientific Сentre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems were used. Experiments were carried out with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria. The optical density was measured, the total microbial number of the cell suspension was determined, and the morphological structure of the biofilm was evaluated using a light microscope on sterile cover glasses for thespecies Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens.   Results. The duration of the lag phase of the kinetic curve of cell growth varied in isolates of S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae from 1 to 4 and 6 hours of cultivation, respectively. Despite this, the exponential growth phase was the same for all tested isolates and amounted to 4 hours. Thus, isolates of clinically significant species entered the stationary growth phase after 5–10 hours of cultivation and were characterized as fast-growing. On abiotic surfaces, after 8 hours of incubation of the tested cultures, the initial stages of the formation of biofilm structures were observed, after 20 hours the formed multilayer biofilm was visualized, after 24 hours succession occurred, new single cells were attached to the place of the detached structures.   Conclusion. The data obtained on the duration of the main stages of growth kinetics compared with the visualization of the formation of biofilm structures on abiotic surfaces should be taken into account when studying the effects of disinfectants, antiseptics and antibacterial drugs on planktonic cells and biofilm associations of clinically significant opportunistic microorganisms

Phase formation and relaxor properties of lead-free perovskite ceramics on the base of sodium-bismuth titanate

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Projects 16-53-48009, 17-03-00542)

Isolation and whole genome sequencing of a lipophilic anaerobic bacterium, a representative of the species complex <i>Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum</i>, from a tuberculosis focus

Background. The study of the lower respiratory tract microbiome has been actively developed inrecent years with the help of whole genome sequencing (WGS) methods. Due to this, it became clear that the nature of the lungs microbiota is very different from other microbial communities inhabiting the human body. One of the important directions in the study of pathological lungs biocenosis is the study of the role of the satellite microbiota of the tuberculosis focus. The aim of the work. To isolate and characterize oxygen-tolerant anaerobes from the necrotic contents of tuberculomas. Materials and methods. Biopsy material from 5 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was obtained during a planned surgical treatment of tuberculoma. A pure culture was isolated from one sample during anaerobic cultivation. Lipase activity of strain was determined by plating on brain heart infusion agar (HIMEDIA, India) supplemented with 0.1 % Tween-80 and 10 mM of CaCl2. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by RAPMYCO and SLOWMYCO of TREK Diagnostic Systems (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). DNA from the sediment of the broth culture was isolated by the CTAB chloroform method. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a DNBSeq-G400 NGS sequencer by Genomed (Russia). Results. Based on WGS results and phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Corynebacterium kefirresidentii. The strain was characterized by high lipase activity and resistance only to Isoniazid, Ethionamide and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazolin. Conclusion. The isolation of a lipophilic anaerobic representative of the Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum species complex from a tuberculous focus indicates a  possible role of the non-tuberculous microbiota in the liquefaction of caseous necrosis. We assumed that in some cases, favorable conditions are created inside the tuberculous focus for the development of satellite anaerobic lipophilic microbiota