Toward a typology of food security in developing countries:

The recent global food and financial crises have reversed the last decade's progress in reducing hunger and poverty. This paper conducts a factor and sequential typology analysis to identify groups of countries categorized according to five measures of food security—consumption, production, imports, distribution, and agricultural potential—by using indicators from 175 countries. The analysis first identifies five distinct food security groups, characterized by food intake, and then further splits these groups based on the various measures of food production, trade security, and agricultural potential. The results suggest that the general category of “developing countries” is extremely heterogeneous and is not particularly useful if the focus is on issues of food security. The results also indicate that different responses are needed by different types of food-insecure countries to address the food and financial crises.food security, Typology, agricultural potential, factor analysis, Poverty, Hunger, financial crisis, Developing countries, Development strategies,

Dynamic agricultural supply response under economic transformation

China has experienced dramatic economic transformation and is facing the challenge of ensuring steady agricultural growth. This study examines the crop sector by estimating the supply response for major crops in Henan province from 1998 to 2007. We use a Nerlovian adjustment adaptive expectation model. The estimation uses dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel estimation based on pooled data across 108 counties. We estimate acreage and yield response functions and derive the supply response elasticities. This research links supply response to exogenous factors (weather, irrigation, government policy, capital investment, and infrastructure) and endogenous factors (prices). The significant feature of the model specification used in the study is that it addresses the endogeneity problem by capturing different responses to own- and cross-prices. Empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase crop production through improvement of investment priorities and proper government policy. We confirm that farmers respond to price by both reallocating land and more intensively applying non-land inputs to boost yield. Investment in rural infrastructure, human capacity, and technology are highlighted as major drivers for yield increase. Policy incentives such as taxes and subsidies prove to be effective in encouraging grain production.acreage and yield response, dynamic panel model, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), supply elasticity,

Assessing food security in Yemen

The lack of updated information about food security is of concern to many countries, especially during and after economic crises, natural disasters, and conflicts. In this paper we present an analytical framework for assessing the effects of such crises on food security. This methodology can compensate for the lack of recent data in the aftermath of various crisis situations and thus provide important information to policymakers. We apply this methodology to Yemen, a country where the recent food price crisis and global economic recession have been especially damaging. Little is known about how the recent triple crisis (food, fuel, and financial crisis) has affected food security and what the current state of food security is on the macro- (national) and microlevels (local). The results of our findings suggest an alarming state of food insecurity. Food security at the macrolevel has dramatically deteriorated in recent years, and it is projected that the country will remain highly vulnerable to external shocks in the future if no action is taken. At the household level we found that 32.1 percent of the population in Yemen is food insecure and that 57.9 percent of all children are malnourished. Rural-urban inequalities are high in Yemen. The number of food-insecure people living in rural areas (37.3 percent) is more than five times higher than in urban areas (17.7 percent). Underweight children and children with stunted growth are found more commonly in rural than urban areas. Major challenges for food security are the lack of job-creating growth within the oil-dependent economic structure; a distorted economic incentive system, coupled with an inefficient social transfer system rapidly depleting oil and water resources; and the growing production and consumption of qat.food security, Middle East and Northern African (MENA) region, Poverty,

Ethiopia: growth options and poverty reduction

Rural poor, Urban poor, Market access, Agricultural growth, Poverty reduction,

Current status and future directions for the development of human papillomavirus vaccines

The development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has made substantive progress, as represented by the approval of five prophylactic vaccines since 2006. Generally, the deployment of prophylactic HPV vaccines is effective in preventing newly acquired infections and incidences of HPV-related malignancies. However, there is still a long way to go regarding the prevention of all HPV infections and the eradication of established HPV infections, as well as the subsequent progression to cancer. Optimizing prophylactic HPV vaccines by incorporating L1 proteins from more HPV subtypes, exploring adjuvants that reinforce cellular immune responses to eradicate HPV-infected cells, and developing therapeutic HPV vaccines used either alone or in combination with other cancer therapeutic modalities might bring about a new era getting closer to the vision to get rid of HPV infection and related diseases. Herein, we summarize strategies for the development of HPV vaccines, both prophylactic and therapeutic, with an emphasis on the selection of antigens and adjuvants, as well as implications for vaccine efficacy based on preclinical studies and clinical trials. Additionally, we outline current cutting-edge insights on formulation strategies, dosing schedules, and age expansion among HPV vaccine recipients, which might play important roles in addressing barriers to vaccine uptake, such as vaccine hesitancy and vaccine availability

Harvested area gaps in China between 1981 and 2010:Effects of climatic and land management factors

Previous analyses have shown that cropland in China is intensifying, leading to an increase in crop production. However, these output measures leave the potential for further intensification largely unassessed. This study uses the harvested area gap (HAG), which expresses the amount of harvested area that can be gained if all existing cropland is harvested as frequently as possible, according to their potential limit for multi-cropping. Specifically, we calculate the HAG and changes in the HAG in China between 1981 and 2010. We further assess how climatic and land management factors affect these changes. We find that in China the HAG decreases between the 1980s and the 1990s, and subsequently increases between the 1990s and the 2000s, resulting in a small net increase for the entire study period. The initial decrease in the HAG is the result of an increase in the average multi-cropping index throughout the country, which is larger than the increase in the potential multi-cropping index as a result of the changed climatic factors. The subsequent increase in the HAG is the result of a decrease in average multi-cropping index throughout the country, in combination with a stagnant potential. Despite the overall increase in harvested area in China, many regions, e.g. Northeast and Lower Yangtze, are characterized by an increased HAG, indicating their potential for further increasing the multi-cropping index. The study demonstrates the application of the HAG as a method to identify areas where the harvested area can increase to increase crop production, which is currently underexplored in scientific literature

Metagenomic insights into the response of soil microbial communities to pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum

Understanding the response of soil microbial communities to pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum is crucial for preventing bacterial wilt outbreaks. In this study, we investigated the soil physicochemical and microbial community to assess their impact on the pathogenic R.solanacearum through metagenomics. Our results revealed that certain archaeal taxa were the main contributors influencing the health of plants. Additionally, the presence of the pathogen showed a strong negative correlation with soil phosphorus levels, while soil phosphorus was significantly correlated with bacterial and archaeal communities. We found that the network of microbial interactions in healthy plant rhizosphere soils was more complex compared to diseased soils. The diseased soil network had more linkages, particularly related to the pathogen occurrence. Within the network, the family Comamonadaceae, specifically Ramlibacter_tataouinensis, was enriched in healthy samples and showed a significantly negative correlation with the pathogen. In terms of archaea, Halorubrum, Halorussus_halophilus (family: Halobacteriaceae), and Natronomonas_pharaonis (family: Haloarculaceae) were enriched in healthy plant rhizosphere soils and showed negative correlations with R.solanacearum. These findings suggested that the presence of these archaea may potentially reduce the occurrence of bacterial wilt disease. On the other hand, Halostagnicola_larseniia and Haloterrigena_sp._BND6 (family: Natrialbaceae) had higher relative abundance in diseased plants and exhibited significantly positive correlations with R.solanacearum, indicating their potential contribution to the pathogen’s occurrence. Moreover, we explored the possibility of functional gene sharing among the correlating bacterial pairs within the Molecular Ecological Network. Our analysis revealed 468 entries of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, emphasizing the significance of HGT in shaping the adaptive traits of plant-associated bacteria, particularly in relation to host colonization and pathogenicity. Overall, this work revealed key factors, patterns and response mechanisms underlying the rhizosphere soil microbial populations. The findings offer valuable guidance for effectively controlling soil-borne bacterial diseases and developing sustainable agriculture practices

Building Information Resilience: How do Resettling Refugees Connect with Health Information in Regional Landscapes - Implications for Health Literacy

The study explores how resettling refugees experience a new health environment and develop health literacy practice. The concept of information resilience, which emerges from the grounded experiences of learning to live well is introduced. The study also explores how health narratives are constructed, disseminated and circulated by this particular cohort

Resource Management

information inequality: Making sense of the literature of the information and digital divides LIANGZHI YU This paper reviews related research since the early 1990s on the information and digital divides. It shows that, despite their shared concerns with illustrating social inequality through the lens of information resource distribution, the two areas in effect represent two overlapping research communities. The research focus and discourse of the former were primarily shaped by three different theoretical perspectives and were inspired by a fairly strong sense of ethical principles; those of the latter, on the other hand, were shaped primarily by four different political standpoints and were imbued with a fairly strong concern for political and economical interests