Measurement and Analysis of Bilateral Costs between China and Trading Partners Based on the Revised Gravity Model

Abstract A revised gravity model has been adopted in the thesis to measure the changes of bilateral trade costs of China and other 28 countries during 1992～ 2007.The results are as follows: China’s trade costs take on a declining trendand the bilateral trade costs between China and developed countries is lower than that of developing countries. As the trade costs between China and major trading partners take on a declining trend, which even has room for further decline, the major policy significances in this thesis are that China shall continue to excavate the way to reduce the trade costs in order tofurther enhance the export competitiveness

AMERICANO: Argument Generation with Discourse-driven Decomposition and Agent Interaction

Argument generation is a challenging task in natural language processing, which requires rigorous reasoning and proper content organization. Inspired by recent chain-of-thought prompting that breaks down a complex task into intermediate steps, we propose Americano, a novel framework with agent interaction for argument generation. Our approach decomposes the generation process into sequential actions grounded on argumentation theory, which first executes actions sequentially to generate argumentative discourse components, and then produces a final argument conditioned on the components. To further mimic the human writing process and improve the left-to-right generation paradigm of current autoregressive language models, we introduce an argument refinement module which automatically evaluates and refines argument drafts based on feedback received. We evaluate our framework on the task of counterargument generation using a subset of Reddit/CMV dataset. The results show that our method outperforms both end-to-end and chain-of-thought prompting methods and can generate more coherent and persuasive arguments with diverse and rich contents

Constraining primordial black holes with relativistic degrees of freedom

Scalar perturbations in the early Universe create over-dense regions that can collapse into primordial black holes (PBH). This process emits scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW) that behaves like an extra radiation component and contributes to the relativistic degrees of freedom ($N_{\rm{eff}}$). We show that $N_{\rm{eff}}$ limits from cosmic microwave background (CMB) give promising sensitivities on both the abundance of PBHs and the primordial curvature perturbation ($\mathcal{P}_{\mathcal{R}}(k)$) at small scales. We show that {\it Planck} and ACTPol data can exclude supermassive PBHs with peak mass $M_{\bullet} \in [3 \times 10^{5}, 5 \times 10^{10}] {\rm{M}}_{\odot}$ as the major component of dark matter, depending on the shape of the PBHs mass distribution. Future CMB-S4 mission is capable of broadening this limit to a vast PBH mass window of $M_{\bullet} \in [8 \times 10^{-5}, 5 \times 10^{10}] {\rm{M}}_{\odot}$, covering sub-stellar masses. These limits correspond to the enhanced sensitivity of $\mathcal{P}_{\mathcal{R}}(k)$ on scales of $k \in [10^1, 10^{22}]\ \rm{Mpc^{-1}}$, which is much smaller than those scales probed by direct perturbation power spectra (CMB and large-scale structure).Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Solar gamma ray probe of local cosmic ray electrons

TeV-range cosmic ray electrons and positrons (CREs) have been directly measured in the search for new physics or unknown astrophysical sources. CREs can inverse-Compton scatter solar photons and boost their energies into gamma ray bands. Any potential CRE excess would enhance the resultant inverse Compton emission spectrum in the relevant energy range, offering a new window to verify the measured CRE spectrum. In this paper, we show that an excess in the TeV range of the CRE spectrum, such as the one indicated by the DAMPE experiment, can induce a characteristic solar gamma ray signal. Accounting for contamination from extragalactic gamma ray backgrounds (EGB), we forecast the DAMPE feature is testable ($\gtrsim 4 \sigma$) with a $\sim 10^{5}\,\mathrm{m}^2\,{\rm yr}$ exposure in the off-disk direction. This can be achieved by long-exposure observations of water Cherenkov telescopes, such as LHAASO (7.2 years) and HAWC (25.9 years).Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Tetra­kis­(μ-benzoato-κ2 O:O′)bis{[4-(di­methyl­amino)­pyridine-κN 1]zinc(II)}

In the centrosymmetric binuclear title complex, [Zn2(C7H5O2)4(C7H10N2)2], the Zn atoms [Zn⋯Zn = 3.0037 (6) Å] are bridged by four benzoate ligands. Each of the Zn atoms assumes an approximately square-pyramidal environment, with four O atoms in a plane and the pyridine N atom at the apical site

LLM-FuncMapper: Function Identification for Interpreting Complex Clauses in Building Codes via LLM

As a vital stage of automated rule checking (ARC), rule interpretation of regulatory texts requires considerable effort. However, interpreting regulatory clauses with implicit properties or complex computational logic is still challenging due to the lack of domain knowledge and limited expressibility of conventional logic representations. Thus, LLM-FuncMapper, an approach to identifying predefined functions needed to interpret various regulatory clauses based on the large language model (LLM), is proposed. First, by systematically analysis of building codes, a series of atomic functions are defined to capture shared computational logics of implicit properties and complex constraints, creating a database of common blocks for interpreting regulatory clauses. Then, a prompt template with the chain of thought is developed and further enhanced with a classification-based tuning strategy, to enable common LLMs for effective function identification. Finally, the proposed approach is validated with statistical analysis, experiments, and proof of concept. Statistical analysis reveals a long-tail distribution and high expressibility of the developed function database, with which almost 100% of computer-processible clauses can be interpreted and represented as computer-executable codes. Experiments show that LLM-FuncMapper achieve promising results in identifying relevant predefined functions for rule interpretation. Further proof of concept in automated rule interpretation also demonstrates the possibility of LLM-FuncMapper in interpreting complex regulatory clauses. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to introduce LLM for understanding and interpreting complex regulatory clauses, which may shed light on further adoption of LLM in the construction domain