904 research outputs found

    Configuration, optimization and evaluation of a novel instrumental platform for automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis of drugs in whole blood

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    The thesis describes the configuration, optimization and evaluation of a novel instrumental platform for fully automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis of small molecules, such as drugs, in whole blood. The immunosuppressant Cyclosporine A was chosen as a model analyte, as this drug is predominantly bound to erythrocytes. First, anticoagulated blood is converted into so-called Cell-Disintegrated Blood (CDB) by heat-shock or cryogenic treatment. CDB represents a homogenous blood sample and consists of subcellular particles which do not sediment on standing and do not clog capillaries, sieves or HPLC column packings. For in-line treatment of anticoagulated whole blood, i.e. generation of CDB, a sample mixing unit, two special liquid handling units and two home-made sample processing modules were embedded into a XYZ-autosampler. The module for heat-shock treatment consists of a stainless-steel capillary jacketed with a heating sleeve. Under optimal conditions for sampling and in-line processing of 20 ”L of whole blood, it takes 13 seconds at 75 °C to generate CDB. The latter is stored in a holding loop before further treatment. For cryogenic treatment of a blood sample, a stainless-steel processing needle with a large inner diameter was installed in one of the liquid handling units. The autosampler was programmed to introduce the processing needle containing the blood sample (40 ”L) into a stand-pipe, which is located in a thermo-flask filled with liquid nitrogen. The processing needle therefore contacts liquid nitrogen and the blood sample is snap-frozen. Optimal conditions were found to be 10 seconds for snap-freezing at -196 °C and 60 seconds for thawing at room temperature. A CDB sample obtained either by heat-shock or cryogenic treatment is further processed by being pumped via a switching-valve through an in-line filter to retain cell nuclei and “cell debris”. It was found that a depth filter packed with spherical hydrophilic silica is optimal. This filter allows at least 200 analysis cycles before it has to be replaced. Next, the CDB sample is pumped on-line via another switching-valve through a SPE column (50 x 0.5 mm ID) at a high flow rate. Due to the special packing material and the very small inner diameter, a high linear flow velocity is achieved and turbulent flow is generated. By this, high-molecular matrix components such as proteins are eluted in the void volume to waste. The low-molecular weight target analyte Cyclosporine A and the Internal Standard Cyclosporine D are retained and extracted by reversed phase partitioning chromatography (RPC). After fractionation of CDB on the SPE column, the analyte and the IS are transferred to a series-connected analytical column and separated from residual matrix components by RPC. Finally, the analyte is detected by a tandem mass spectrometer applying electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The optimized method has a total analysis time of less than 11 minutes. The analytical procedure and the instrumental platform were validated for heat-shock treated blood samples with respect to linearity, range (10 - 1000 ng/mL), lower limit of quantitation (10 ng/mL), intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision, as well as matrix-independent and matrix-dependent recovery (around 100 %). It was shown that the electrospray induced ionization is suppressed by approximately 25 %. These matrix effects, however, can be totally compensated for by the addition of an Internal Standard, i.e. Cyclosporine D. A comparison with a semi-automated SPE-LC-MS/MS method, established in the Institute, revealed a very good agreement. This was shown by Passing and Bablok plots. The robustness of the fully automated SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis platform was monitored during 500 consecutive analysis cycles with heat-shock treated blood samples. The relative standard deviation for the signal response was 15.6 % for Cyclosporine A and 15.2 % for Cyclosporine D. The back pressure of the total system rose only by 52 bar. These findings show that, despite its instrumental and chromatographic complexity, the described analysis platform fulfills the prerequisites to be used in routine clinical-chemical analysis.Die Doktorarbeit beschreibt die Konfiguration, Optimierung und Evaluierung einer neuartigen instrumentellen Plattform fĂŒr die vollstĂ€ndig automatisierte SPE-LC-MS/MS Analyse von kleinen MolekĂŒlen, wie beispielsweise Arzneistoffe, im Vollblut. Das Immunsuppressivum Cyclosporin A wurde als Modellanalyt gewĂ€hlt, da dieser Arzneistoff vorwiegend an Erythrozyten gebunden ist. ZunĂ€chst wird antikoaguliertes Blut durch eine Hitze- oder KĂ€lteschock Behandlung in sogenanntes Zell-desintegriertes Blut (Cell-Disintegrated Blood, CDB) ĂŒberfĂŒhrt. CDB stellt eine homogene Blutprobe dar und besteht aus subzellulĂ€ren Partikel, die beim Stehen nicht sedimentieren und keine Kapillaren, Siebe und HPLC- Packungsmaterialien verstopfen. FĂŒr die in-line Behandlung von antikoagulierten Vollblut, d.h. fĂŒr die Herstellung von CDB, wurde ein GerĂ€t zum Mischen der Probe, zwei spezielle Bauteile fĂŒr die Handhabung von FlĂŒssigkeiten und zwei selbst-gebaute Module fĂŒr die Probenprozessierung in einen XYZ-Probengeber eingebaut. Das Modul fĂŒr die Hitze-Schock Behandlung besteht aus einer Edelstahlkapillare, die mit einer Heizmanschette ummantelt ist. Unter optimalen Bedingungen fĂŒr die Probenahme und in-line Prozessierung von 20 ”L Vollblut werden 13 Sekunden und 75 °C benötigt um CDB herzustellen. Letzteres wird vor einer weiteren Behandlung in einer RĂŒckhalteschleife gelagert. FĂŒr die Tieftemperatur Behandlung einer Blutprobe wurde eine weitlumige Edelstahlnadel zur Prozessierung in eines der Bauteile fĂŒr die Handhabung von FlĂŒssigkeiten eingebaut. Der Probengeber wurde so programmiert, dass die Nadel, welche die Blutprobe (40 ”L) enthĂ€lt, in ein Steigrohr, welches sich in einem mit flĂŒssigem Stickstoff gefĂŒllten IsolierbehĂ€lter befindet, eingefĂŒhrt wird. Hierdurch wird die Nadel mit flĂŒssigem Stickstoff kontaktiert und die Blutprobe schockgefroren. Als optimale Bedingungen wurden 10 Sekunden fĂŒr das Schockgefrieren bei -196 °C und 60 Sekunden fĂŒr das Auftauen bei Raumtemperatur gefunden. Eine CDB Probe, die entweder durch Hitze- oder KĂ€lteschock-Behandlung gewonnen wurde, wird weiter prozessiert, indem sie ĂŒber ein Schaltventil durch einen in-line Filter gepumpt wird, um Zellkerne und „ZellbruchstĂŒcke“ zurĂŒckzuhalten. Es stellte sich heraus, dass ein Tiefenfilter, der mit sphĂ€rischem hydrophilem Kieselgel gepackt ist, optimal ist. Dieser Filter ermöglicht mindestens 200 Analysen-Zyklen bevor er ausgetauscht werden muss. In einem weiteren Schritt wird die CDB Probe on-line ĂŒber ein weiteres Schaltventil mit einer hohen Flussrate durch eine SPE SĂ€ule (50 x 0.5 mm ID) gepumpt. Aufgrund des speziellen Packungsmaterials und dem sehr kleinen Innendurchmesser wird eine hohe lineare Flussgeschwindigkeit erreicht und eine turbulente Strömung erzeugt. Hierdurch werden hochmolekulare Matrixkomponenten wie beispielsweise Proteine im Totvolumen in den Abfall eluiert. Niedermolekulare Zielanalyte wie Cyclosporin A und der interne Standard Cyclosporin D werden ĂŒber Umkehrphasen- Verteilungschromatographie (RPC) reteniert und extrahiert. Nach der Fraktionierung von CDB auf der SPE SĂ€ule, wird der Analyt und der interne Standard auf eine in Serie geschaltete analytische SĂ€ule ĂŒberfĂŒhrt und von restlichen Matrixbestandteilen ĂŒber RPC abgetrennt. Zum Schluss wird der Analyt in einem Tandem-Massenspektrometer ĂŒber eine Elektrospray Ionisation (ESI) und Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) detektiert. Die optimierte Methode weist eine Gesamtanalysezeit von weniger als 11 Minuten auf. Das Analysenverfahren und die instrumentelle Plattform wurden fĂŒr Hitzeschock behandelte Blutproben hinsichtlich LinearitĂ€t, Messbereich (10 – 1000 ng/mL), unterer Bestimmungsgrenze (10 ng/mL), Richtigkeit und PrĂ€zision innerhalb eines Tages und von Tag zu Tag, sowie Matrix-unabhĂ€ngiger und Matrix-abhĂ€ngiger Wiederfindung (um 100 %) validiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die ĂŒber Elektrospray induzierte Ionisation um ca. 25 % unterdrĂŒckt wird. Diese Matrixeffekte können jedoch durch Zugabe des internen Standards Cyclosporin D vollstĂ€ndig kompensiert werden. Ein Vergleich mit einer teilautomatisierten SPE-LC-MS/MS Routinemethode, die im Institut etabliert ist, ergab eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung. Dies konnte anhand von Passing und Bablok Plots aufgezeigt werden. Die Robustheit der vollstĂ€ndig automatisierten SPE-LC-MS/MS Analysenplattform wurde wĂ€hrend 500 aufeinander folgenden Analysezyklen mit Hitzeschock behandelten Blutproben ĂŒberprĂŒft. Die relative Standardabweichung fĂŒr das MS-signal betrug 15.6 % fĂŒr Cyclosporin A und 15.2 % fĂŒr Cyclosporin D. Der RĂŒckdruck des gesamten Systems stieg nur um 52 bar an. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass – trotz der instrumentellen und chromatographischen KomplexitĂ€t – die beschriebene Analysenplattform die Anforderungen, die in der klinisch-chemischen Routineanalytik gestellt werden, erfĂŒllt

    Unravelling China\u27s Gradual Approach to Equity Crowdfunding Regulation

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    Standing Out from the Crowd: The Real Effects of Outliers

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    We study the impact of outlier opinions – extreme views voiced by individuals – in financial markets. Using analyst forecasts as a laboratory, we show that market participants respond to the arrival of extremely optimistic forecasts, instead of ignoring them as noise. An outlier forecast subsequently moves group consensus and begets more extreme forecasts by peers. Outlier forecasts also generate stronger market reactions from investors, more media coverage, and more conservative management guidance. Further analyses reveal that issuing outlier forecasts increases an analyst’s chance to cover more important clients of his employer. Outlier forecasts are also more likely to take place when an analyst’s reputation cost is lower and information uncertainty is high. These findings suggest that the propensity for expressing extreme views is situational and that personal incentives are the likely cause at play

    Three Essays in Entrepreneurial and Corporate Finance

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    Thesis advisor: Thomas J. ChemmanurMy dissertation is comprised of three chapters. In the first chapter, I analyze the effect of top management changes on subsequent corporate innovation in venture capital-backed private firms using a hand-collected dataset. I find that top management changes are associated with significantly more and higher quality corporate innovation (as measured by their patenting activity). I show that top management changes are likely to be venture-driven and that the effect of top management changes on corporate innovation is stronger for firms where venture capitalists have greater power. An instrumental variable analysis using an exogenous shock to the supply of outside managers available for hire implies a causal effect of top management changes on corporate innovation. I establish that one mechanism through which top management changes enhance corporate innovation is through new management teams hiring more inventors for a given investment size. I also show that both top management changes and corporate innovation have a positive impact on firms' successful exits. In the second chapter, co-authored with Thomas Chemmanur and Karthik Krishnan, we hypothesize that VC-backing garners greater “investor attention” (Merton (1987)) for IPOs, allowing IPO underwriters to perform two information-related roles more efficiently during the book-building and road-show process: information dissemination, where the lead underwriter disseminates noisy information about various aspects of the IPO firm to institutional investors; and information extraction, where the lead underwriter extracts information useful in pricing the IPO firm equity from institutional investors. Using pre-IPO media coverage as a proxy, we show empirically that VC-backed firm IPOs indeed obtain greater investor attention, causally yielding them more favorable IPO characteristics such as higher IPO and secondary market valuations. In the third chapter, co-authored with Thomas Chemmanur, Lei Kong, and Karthik Krishnan, using panel data on top management characteristics and a management quality factor constructed using common factor analysis on individual management quality proxies, we analyze the relation between the human capital or “quality” of firm management and its innovation inputs and outputs. We control for the endogenous matching between firm and management quality using a plausibly exogenous shock to the supply of new managers as an instrument, thereby finding a causal relationship between management quality and innovation activities. We show that higher management quality firms achieve greater innovation output by hiring more and higher quality inventors.Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017.Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management.Discipline: Finance

    Effects of Glyphosate-Resistant Genetically Modified Soybean on Blood Biochemical Indexes, Hepatopancreatic Antioxidant Capacity and Tissue Morphology of Cyprinus carpio

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    The juvenile carps (Cyprinus carpio) were fed diets with four protein sources (15% and 30% glyphosate-resistant genetically modified (GM) named GM 15 and GM 30, respectively, and 15% and 30% non-genetically modified (NGM) soybean named NGM 15 and NGM 30) for 180 days. Results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for the GM30 group was significantly lower than that of the NGM30 group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hepatopancreas of carp for the GM30 group was significantly higher than that of the NGM15 group (P0.05). This study indicates that it may aggravate the damage degree of intestinal epithelial cells of carp and more easily cause liver cell damage in the short term when the amount of GM soybean in the feeds was 30%. Therefore, higher glyphosate-resistant GM soybean may have adverse effects on the carp's serum, intestinal, and hepatopancreas and considerably reduce the hepatopancreatic carp's antioxidant capacity
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