Gelation kinetics of the AC and AC/PlubisSH gels.

<p>Rheological properties of AC (A) and AC/PlubisSH (B) hydrogels recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz at a temperature of 37°C (elastic modulus, G’ and viscous modulus, G”).</p

Antibacterial activity of gels.

<p>Metabolic activity of bacterial supernatant after 24h (A). « Plastic » corresponds to a negative control, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. bacteria in medium on the 96-well plate, without any gel. « Medium » corresponds to culture media in the 96-well plate without any bacteria or gel. « Antibiotic » corresponds to the positive control with bacteria in medium with two standard antibiotics (tetracyclin and cefotoxim) as supplements. The asterisk (*) denotes a statistical difference between the metabolic activity of <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> found in the supernatants of AC and AC-CTL gels, (#) indicates a statistical difference between the metabolic activity of <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> found in the supernatant of AC/PlubisSH and AC/PlubisSH-CTL (p < 0.05). Inhibition of colonies forming units (CFU) of the supernatants after 24h of seeding (B and C). These supernatants were previously removed from the gels respectively after 5h (B) and 24h (C) of seeding. The control used in these figures (corresponding to 100% CFU) corresponds to colonies on agar plates obtained from supernatant of AC gel without CTL (Tissue Culture Polystyrene was not used as control because it leads to an homogenous growth of bacteria without colonies). Error bars represent means ± SD.</p

Monitoring of CTL released from the gels.

<p>Fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to monitor CTL-Rhodamine released out of AC and AC/PlusbisSH gels over time (MH medium, 37°C).</p

Antibacterial assays of catestatin (bovine, bCAT and human, hCAT) and cateslytin (bovine, bCTL) against different <i>S. aureus</i> strains, compared to the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide-18 (LL-37).

<p>Results are presented as MIC (µg/mL) of each peptide against four <i>S. aureus</i> strains. Values represent the means of the triplicate (n = 3) wells. Means with same letters are not significantly different (<i>p</i><0.05). Small letters (a, b, c) represents significance between different <i>S. aureus</i> strains, while capital letters (A, B, C) represent significantly difference between peptides.</p

Sequence alignment of bovine catestatin (CgA_344–364) with corresponding fragments from several species.

<p>For each position predominant identical residues are indicated in bold letters. Homology sequence is indicated (%).The data base used is UniProtKB. (+, basic residue; a, for A/G/T/P).</p

The proteolytic cleavage sites induced after treatment of bCAT, hCAT and CTL with different <i>S. aureus</i> strains (ATCC25923, ATCC49775, S1 and S2).

<p>The experimental molecular masses obtained after MALDI-TOF analysis, are indicated.</p

<i>In vitro</i> quantitative adhesion of hydrogels on titanium (Ti) and gingiva.

<p>Dissipative energy during detachment of AC and AC/PlubisSH hydrogels from gingiva is measured after 30 min of contact with the substrates (Ti/Ti or Ti/gingiva) at 37°C.</p

HPLC chromatograms of bCAT, hCAT and CTL alone or with different bacterial strain supernatants, with or without protease inhibitors.

<p>(A): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) bCAT, (2) bCAT+MHB, (3) bCAT+S49775, (4) bCAT+S25923 (5) bCAT+S1 (6) bCAT+S2. (B): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) bCAT, (2) bCAT+Pi+S49775, (3) bCAT+Pi+S25923 (4) bCAT+Pi+S1 (5) bCAT+Pi+S2. (C): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) hCAT, (2) hCAT+MHB, (3) hCAT+S49775, (4) hCAT+S25923 (5) hCAT+S1 (6) hCAT+S2. (D): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) hCAT, (2) hCAT+Pi+S49775, (3) hCAT+Pi+S25923 (4) hCAT+Pi+S1 (5) hCAT+Pi+S2. (E): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) bCTL, (2) bCTL+MHB, (3) bCTL+S49775, (4) bCTL+S25923 (5) bCTL+S1 (6) bCTL+S2. (F): Alignment of the HPLC chromatograms corresponding to: (1) bCTL, (2) bCTL+Pi+S49775, (3) bCTL+Pi+S25923 (4) bCTL+Pi+S1 (5) bCTL+Pi+S2.</p

The bacterial killing kinetics of the bCTL against the <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC 25923.

<p>Different concentrations (MIC 40 µg/mL and 2× MIC 80 µg/mL) of bCTL were used. C+, represents antibiotic control (Cefotaxime 0.1 µg/mL + Tetracycline 10 µg/mL) and C-, represents phosphate buffer saline control. (A): <i>S. aureus</i> killing kinetics at time zero to 60 min. (B): <i>S. aureus</i> killing kinetics over 24 h time period.</p