Simultaneous Effects of Metformin and Sitagliptin on the Contents of Insulin Resistance Proteins Glucose Transporter 4 and Protein Kinase B in Diabetic Patients\' Adipose Tissue

Objective: Obesity is a factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity contributes a wide variety of metabolic changes such as insulin resistance. The insulin signal mechanism to intra-cells occurs in insulin resistance, primarily in adipose tissue cells, which can be appropriate targets for therapeutic approaches by recognizing the proteins in this pathway. The study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous impact of metformin and sitagliptin on the expression of protein levels involved in insulin resistance Protein Kinase B (Akt) and Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) in diabetic adipose tissue. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the content of proteins involved in insulin resistance Akt and GLUT4 in adipose tissue of diabetic patients with the use of SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses, we studied 6 persons of type 2 diabetic patients who obtained 3 months of care with simultaneous metformin and sitagliptin, 4 persons returned from them after treatment and 8 persons as a stable case (control group). Results: There was an increase in glucose intake and a decrease in serum glucose levels (P-value= 0.025) and no decrease in insulin resistance (P-value= 0.6) following simultaneous metformin and sitagliptin therapy, but no improvement in serum insulin levels (P-value=1.01). Increases in the content of Akt protein (P-value= 0.682) and GLUT4 protein (P-value= 0.851) involved in insulin resistance in diabetic patientschr('39') adipose tissue, were not observed. Conclusion: Simultaneous treatment with metformin and sitagliptin had no effect on insulin resistance proteins Akt and GLUT4 in type 2 diabetic adipose tissue

Urine Iodine Status of 8-10-Year Old School Children in Yazd Province during Ten Years (2007-2016)

Background: Iodine is an essential element for growth and development and its inadequate intake leads to insufficient production of thyroid hormone. In developed countries iodine deficiency (ID) is one of the reformable factors. So, this study determined urinary iodine (UI) status of 8-10-year old school children in Yazd province during 2007 to 2016. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 2236 students who were randomly selected from urban and rural regions with equal proportion of gender. Questionnaires were administered to gather the required descriptive data and then morning samples of urine were collected. Iodine concentration was determined with titration and acidic digestion. Data were analyzed through SPSS software. Results: During the study period, the percentage of students with UI of lower than 2 µg/dL, was zero and only 2.37 % of them had a UI level in the range of 2-4.90 µg/dL. Median of UI was 18.40 ± 7.70 µg/dL level of UI in normal range showed noticeable increase from 2013 to 2016. Level of normal UI in ten years was 79.02%. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, Yazd province was considered "IDD free" similar to some other provinces. Also, level of UI more than 30 µg/dL was decreased. It is clear that this approaches need continuous evaluation such as annual evaluation of UI in 8-10 years old students at province level and every five years evaluation at national level