HOCO+ toward the Galactic Center

We have identified a weak thermal line U42.767, which has been detected only in the directions toward Sgr A and Sgr B2, as the HOCO+ 2_{02}--1_{01} transition. Because of the proximity of this line to the SiO maser line at 42.821 GHz (J=1-0 v=2),it was observable simultaneously in the ~43 GHz SiO maser searches at Nobeyama. From the past data of SiO maser surveys of infrared objects in the Galactic center, we created a map of emission distribution of HOCO+ in the Sgr A molecular cloud as well as maps of the 29SiO J=1-0 v=0 thermal emission and H53alpha emission. The emission distribution of HOCO+ was quite similar to the distribution of 29SiO emission. It suggests that the enhancement of the HOCO+ abundance in the galactic center is induced by shock activities which release the CO2 molecules frozen on grains into gases.Comment: PASJ Dec. 25, 2006 issue in pres

Investigating fragmentation of gas structures in OB cluster-forming molecular clump G33.92+0.11 with 1000 AU resolution observations of ALMA

We report new, $\sim$1000 AU spatial resolution observations of 225 GHz dust continuum emission towards the OB cluster-forming molecular clump G33.92+0.11. On parsec scales, this molecular clump presents a morphology with several arm-like dense gas structures surrounding the two central massive ($\gtrsim$100 $M_{\odot}$) cores. From the new, higher resolution observations, we identified 28 localized, spatially compact dust continuum emission sources, which may be candidates of young stellar objects. Only one of them is not embedded within known arm-like (or elongated) dense gas structures. The spatial separations of these compact sources can be very well explained by Jeans lengths. We found that G33.92+0.11 may be consistently described by a marginally centrifugally supported, Toomre unstable accretion flow which is approximately in a face-on projection. The arm-like overdensities are natural consequence of the Toomre instability, which can fragment to form young stellar objects in shorter time scales than the timescale of the global clump contraction. On our resolved spatial scales, there is not yet evidence that the fragmentation is halted by turbulence, magnetic field, or stellar feedback.Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures. Accepted to publish on December 04, 2018; updated to arXiv on December 05, 201

Milky Way Supermassive Black Hole: Dynamical Feeding from the Circumnuclear Environment

The supermassive black hole (SMBH), Sgr A*, at the Galactic Center is surrounded by a molecular circumnuclear disk (CND) lying between 1.5-4 pc radii. The irregular and clumpy structures of the CND, suggest dynamical evolution and episodic feeding of gas towards the central SMBH. New sensitive data from the SMA and GBT, reveal several >5-10 pc scale molecular arms, which either directly connect to the CND, or may penetrate inside the CND. The CND appears to be the convergence of the innermost parts of largescale gas streamers, which are responding to the central gravitational potential well. Rather than being a quasi-stationary structure, the CND may be dynamically evolving, incorporating inflow via streamers, and feeding gas towards the center.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Ap

The First Very Long Baseline Interferometry Image of 44 GHz Methanol Maser with the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA)

We have carried out the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging of 44 GHz class I methanol maser (7_{0}-6_{1}A^{+}) associated with a millimeter core MM2 in a massive star-forming region IRAS 18151-1208 with KaVA (KVN and VERA Array), which is a newly combined array of KVN (Korean VLBI Network) and VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry). We have succeeded in imaging compact maser features with a synthesized beam size of 2.7 milliarcseconds x 1.5 milliarcseconds (mas). These features are detected at a limited number of baselines within the length of shorter than approximately 650 km corresponding to 100 Mlambda in the uv-coverage. The central velocity and the velocity width of the 44 GHz methanol maser are consistent with those of the quiescent gas rather than the outflow traced by the SiO thermal line. The minimum component size among the maser features is ~ 5 mas x 2 mas, which corresponds to the linear size of ~ 15 AU x 6 AU assuming a distance of 3 kpc. The brightness temperatures of these features range from ~ 3.5 x 10^{8} to 1.0 x 10^{10} K, which are higher than estimated lower limit from a previous Very Large Array observation with the highest spatial resolution of ~ 50 mas. The 44 GHz class I methanol maser in IRAS 18151-1208 is found to be associated with the MM2 core, which is thought to be less evolved than another millimeter core MM1 associated with the 6.7 GHz class II methanol maser.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figure

Emission Mechanism of "Green Fuzzies" in High-mass Star Forming Regions

The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope has revealed that a number of high-mass protostars are associated with extended mid-infrared emission, particularly prominent at 4.5-micron. These are called "Green Fuzzy" emission or "Extended Green Objects". We present color analysis of this emission toward six nearby (d=2-3 kpc) well-studied high-mass protostars and three candidate high-mass protostars identified with the Spitzer GLIMPSE survey. In our color-color diagrams most of the sources show a positive correlation between the [3.6]-[4.5] and [3.5]-[5.8] colors along the extinction vector in all or part of the region. We compare the colors with those of scattered continuum associated with the low-mass protostar L 1527, modeled scattered continuum in cavities, shocked emission associated with low-mass protostars, modeled H2 emission for thermal and fluorescent cases, and modeled PAH emission. Of the emission mechanisms discussed above, scattered continuum provides the simplest explanation for the observed linear correlation. In this case, the color variation within each object is attributed to different foreground extinctions at different positions. Alternative possible emission mechanisms to explain this correlation may be a combination of thermal and fluorescent H2 emission in shocks, and a combination of scattered continuum and thermal H2 emission, but detailed models or spectroscopic follow-up are required to further investigate this possibility. Our color-color diagrams also show possible contributions from PAHs in two objects. However, none of our sample show clear evidence for PAH emission directly associated with the high-mass protostars, several of which should be associated with ionizing radiation. This suggests that those protostars are heavily embedded even at mid-infrared wavelengths.Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa