Multifocal Motor Neuropathy

Objective: Our objective was to do an epidemiologic survey of patients with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) in comparison with those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Japan. Methods: In this retrospective study, we examined 46 patients with MMN and 1,051 patients with ALS from major neuromuscular centers in Japan from 2005 to 2009. Diagnosis was based on the European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) and the revised El Escorial criteria. The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) was also taken into consideration in the diagnosis of MMN. Results: The ratio of MMN to ALS patients (0-0.10) varied among the centers, but mostly converged to 0.05. The prevalence was estimated to be 0.29 MMN patients and 6.63 ALS patients per 100,000 population. Conclusions: The frequency of MMN patients was around 1 out of 20 ALS patients, and MMN was possibly underdiagnosed in some centers

Elevated glutathione accelerates oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfide.

It has been shown that certain dogs have erythrocytes characterized by an inherited high concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), five to seven times the normal level (high-GSH RBCs). We examined whether increased GSH in dog erythrocytes leads to increased protection against oxidative damage induced by acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and/or 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AD). When erythrocytes were incubated with 30 mmol/L APH, the Heinz body count was appreciably higher in normal RBCs than in high-GSH RBCs, while there was no difference in the increase of the methemoglobin (metHb) concentration in both RBCs. In contrast, both the Heinz body count and metHb production were much higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs when erythrocytes were incubated with 4-AD. Furthermore, the generation of the superoxide in erythrocytes treated with 4-AD, which was measured by spin trapping combined with electron spin resonance (ESR), was obviously higher in high-GSH RBCs than in normal RBCs. These results clearly indicate that erythrocyte GSH is an important defense against oxidative damage induced by certain compounds such as APH, but that, in contrast, elevated GSH appears to accelerate oxidative damage to erythrocytes produced by aromatic disulfides, such as 4-AD, which generated a superoxide in erythrocytes via its redox reaction with GSH

Separation of metal ions and the determination of calcium and magnesium ions with N, N'-di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N, N'-diacetic acid by high-performance capillary electrophoresis

表題のEDTA類縁試薬(HBEDと略記)を用いて金属イオンのキャピラリー電気泳動について検討した.HBED(H(4)Y)は二価及び三価金属イオン(Mn+)と反応し,MY(2-),MY(-)型キレート陰イオンを形成する.pH9～10で11種の二価金属イオンと2種の三価金属イオンのピークを得た.2×10(-3)M HBEDを含むpH10.5の泳動液を用いた場合,金属イオンの移動度(絶対値)は次の順に大きくなる(見掛けのイオン移動度):Co(2+)(2.05)<Mn(2+)(2.10)<Al(3+)(2.12)<Fe(3+)(2.15)<Pb(2+)(2.64)<Hg(2+)(3.20)<Cd(2+)(3.21)<Ca(2+)(3.26)<Ni(2+)(3.34)<Cu(2+)(3.42)<Zn(2+)(3.52)<Pd(2+)(3.60)<HBED(3.74).イオン移動度に及ぼすpHの影響から,大部分の金属イオンはpH10付近で安定なキレートを生成することが分かった.HBEDキレートは,EDTAに比べ,長波長(294nm付近)に強い吸収を示し高感度定量が可能である.本法を河川水,血清中のCa(2+),Mg(2+)の定量に応用し,良好な結果を得た.The capillary electrophoresis study was carried out by using HBED as a chelating and coloring agent. The title compound HBED(H(4)Y) reacts with divalent (M(2+)) and trivalent metal ions (M(3+)) to form chelate anions MY(2-) and MY(-), respectively. Eleven divalent metal ions and three trivalent metal ions were detected as peaks at pH 9.3. When a carrier containing 2 × 10(-3) M HBED (pH 10.5) and sample solutions containing 1 × 10(-4) M HBED were used, the mobilities of the metal ions (absolute value) increased in the following order: Co(2+) (Co(3+)) (2.05) < Mn(2+) (2.10) < Al(3+) (2.12) < Fe(3+) (2.15) < Pb(2+) (2.64)<Hg(2+) (3.20)<Cd(2+) (3.21)<Ca(2+) (3.26)<Ni(2+) (3.34)<Cu(2+)(3.42)<Zn(2+) (3.52) < Pd(2+) (3.60)< HBED(3.74). Most of the metal ions form stable chelates at about pH 10. HBED chelates absorb UV light strongly at longer wavelenghs near to 294 nm, compared with EDTA chelates; highly sensitive detection of metal ions could be achieved with HBED. The proposed method with HBED was applied to the determination of calcium and magnesium ions in river water and serum samples

Separation of metal ions and the determination of calcium and magnesium ions with N, N'-di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N, N'-diacetic acid by high-performance capillary electrophoresis

表題のEDTA類縁試薬(HBEDと略記)を用いて金属イオンのキャピラリー電気泳動について検討した.HBED(H(4)Y)は二価及び三価金属イオン(Mn+)と反応し,MY(2-),MY(-)型キレート陰イオンを形成する.pH9～10で11種の二価金属イオンと2種の三価金属イオンのピークを得た.2×10(-3)M HBEDを含むpH10.5の泳動液を用いた場合,金属イオンの移動度(絶対値)は次の順に大きくなる(見掛けのイオン移動度):Co(2+)(2.05)<Mn(2+)(2.10)<Al(3+)(2.12)<Fe(3+)(2.15)<Pb(2+)(2.64)<Hg(2+)(3.20)<Cd(2+)(3.21)<Ca(2+)(3.26)<Ni(2+)(3.34)<Cu(2+)(3.42)<Zn(2+)(3.52)<Pd(2+)(3.60)<HBED(3.74).イオン移動度に及ぼすpHの影響から,大部分の金属イオンはpH10付近で安定なキレートを生成することが分かった.HBEDキレートは,EDTAに比べ,長波長(294nm付近)に強い吸収を示し高感度定量が可能である.本法を河川水,血清中のCa(2+),Mg(2+)の定量に応用し,良好な結果を得た.The capillary electrophoresis study was carried out by using HBED as a chelating and coloring agent. The title compound HBED(H(4)Y) reacts with divalent (M(2+)) and trivalent metal ions (M(3+)) to form chelate anions MY(2-) and MY(-), respectively. Eleven divalent metal ions and three trivalent metal ions were detected as peaks at pH 9.3. When a carrier containing 2 × 10(-3) M HBED (pH 10.5) and sample solutions containing 1 × 10(-4) M HBED were used, the mobilities of the metal ions (absolute value) increased in the following order: Co(2+) (Co(3+)) (2.05) < Mn(2+) (2.10) < Al(3+) (2.12) < Fe(3+) (2.15) < Pb(2+) (2.64)<Hg(2+) (3.20)<Cd(2+) (3.21)<Ca(2+) (3.26)<Ni(2+) (3.34)<Cu(2+)(3.42)<Zn(2+) (3.52) < Pd(2+) (3.60)< HBED(3.74). Most of the metal ions form stable chelates at about pH 10. HBED chelates absorb UV light strongly at longer wavelenghs near to 294 nm, compared with EDTA chelates; highly sensitive detection of metal ions could be achieved with HBED. The proposed method with HBED was applied to the determination of calcium and magnesium ions in river water and serum samples

Effects of Thrombophilia and Antithrombotic Therapy on Embryonic Chromosomal Aberration Rates in Patients with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

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