Effects of the Environmental Factors upon the Differentiation and Development of Fruit Buds of the Peach Trees

1. The development of peach fruit buds collected simultaneously from twenty different regions in Japan was classified into three groups according to the climatic conditions, in spite of the differences of tree age and methods of cultivation. It was related with the mean temperature in June, July, and August in 1957. It was also known that about 900 degrees C of heat summations above 10 degrees C from the time of sprouting in April to the time of fruit bud differentiation in the peach in various regions was required. 2. As the results of temperature treatments, high day and night temperatures markedly prevented the fruit bud formation, and also high night temperature reduced the number of fruit buds. 3. The time of differentiation of fruit bud in the peach does not definitely respond to light duration, but, under short photoperiods the number of fruit buds was considerably reduced. The shading of the peach trees greatly reduced the fruit bud formation, and with the severe shading the peach tree finally died. It indicated that in the interior of dense, unpruned trees, the flower formation may be greatly prevented by the low intensity of light. 4. The differentiation and development of fruit buds were stimulated under dry conditions of the soil at the early stage of growth, and they were greatly reduced, if the soil conditions were either extremely dry or wet throughout the growing season. 5. The excessive application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer to young peach trees definitely delayed the differentiation and formation of fruit bud, while the application of phosphorus fertilizer considerably increased fruit bud formation. 6. The complete defoliation at the early stages of growing season entirely prevented the formation of fruit bud. Some buds were destroyed, and others were stimulated to sprout the secondary shoot. The similar effects, though less severe, were found also in plots where three-fourths leaves were removed

Reliability and validity of the patient disability-oriented diagnostic nomenclature system for prosthetic dentistry

Purpose: The Japan Prosthodontic Society (JPS) has proposed a new diagnostic nomenclature system (DNS), based on pathogenesis and etiology, to facilitate and improve prosthodontic treatment. This systemspecifies patient disability and the causative factor (i.e. ‘‘B (disability) caused by A (causative factor)’’). The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of this DNS. Study selection: The JPS Clinical Guideline Committee assessed mock patient charts and formulated disease names using the new DNS. Fifty validators, comprising prosthodontic specialists and dental residents, made diagnoses using the same patient charts. Reliability was evaluated as the consistency of the disease names among the validators, and validity was evaluated using the concordance rate of the disease names with the reference disease names. Results: Krippendorff’s α was 0.378 among all validators, 0.370 among prosthodontic specialists, and 0.401 among dental hospital residents. Krippendorff’s α for 10 validators (3 specialists and 7 residents) with higher concordance rates was 0.524. Two validators (1 specialist and 1 resident) with the highest concordance rates had a Krippendorff’s α of 0.648. Common disease names had higher concordance rates, while uncommon disease names showed lower concordance rates. These rates did not show correlation with clinical experience of the validator or time taken to devise the disease name. Conclusions: High reliability was not found among all validators; however, validators with higher concordance rates showed better reliability. Furthermore, common disease names had higher concordance rates. These findings indicate that the new DNS for prosthodontic dentistry exhibits clinically acceptable reliability and validity

Cycloadditions of 2,8,11-triphenyl-7,9,10,11b-tetraazanaphth[1,2,3-cd]azulene and 2,8,10-triphenyl-9-oxa-7,10b-diazaindeno[4,5,6-cd]azulene with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate

Cycloadditions of the title compounds with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave 1:2-cycloadducts. The structural assignments of the products were deduced by spectral inspection

Combined effects of graphite and sulfide on the tribological properties of bronze under dry conditions

The present study describes the tribological properties of penetrated-graphite bronze containing micro-sized sulfide under dry conditions. The graphite penetration was carried out by means of roller burnishing. Micro shot peening was also applied in order to fabricate micro dimples in the penetrated graphite. The graphite area fraction was approximately 50%. The tribological properties were evaluated using a face-to-face type testing apparatus under dry conditions. The results showed that the friction coefficient of the sulfide-containing bronze decreased and the seizure resistance properties significantly increased. The friction distance until seizure occurrence was improved to more than 2.5 times. Furthermore, the friction coefficient was low and stable until the end of the experiment. It was inferred that the friction resistance was decreased and stabilized when the transfer layer was without Fe content

Tribological Properties of Bronze Containing Micro Sized Sulfide -Application of Atomic Force Microscopy-

The present study describes the tribological properties of a bronze alloy used as a sliding interface for operation under dry conditions. Many industrial slide bearings are made from bronze alloy. To achieve easy running-in and enhanced anti-seizure, solid lubricants are added to the alloys. However, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve easy running-in and anti-seizure with one solid lubricant. Thus, the combined effects of a solid lubricant and a dispersed sulfide layer on reducing and stabilizing the friction coefficient were also examined. The tribological properties of the resulting alloy were evaluated with a 3-ball on disc type testing apparatus under dry conditions and in air atmosphere. The surface state of the solid lubricant and dispersed sulfide layer was evaluated by observation of the morphology and phase states via atomic force microscopy. Distinctive features of a phase comprising mixed stiff and soft regular regions on the micrometer scale were observed. These two regular regions are considered to be formed from graphite and sulfide by burnishing. The effect of the dual phase state leads to achievement of both easy running-in and anti-seizure