The influence of local loop unbundling on investment by incumbent telecommunications operators in the OECD member countries

This paper examines the influence of local loop unbundling (LLU) on incumbent telecommunications operators' investment in their respective telecommunications networks in OECD countries. In addition, the background of the influence is analyzed from both qualitatie and quantitative aspects. The study uses panel data (1995-2011) of capital expenditure(capex) and revenues to derive an investment function. The results indicate that LLU had a positive impact on investment by incumbent telecommunications operators in the United States, but a negative impact in Japan. These results echo those of previous empirical studies, which indicate that LLU can impact investment in various ways

Local density of states and superconducting gap in the iron chalcogenide superconductor Fe1+δ_{1+\delta}Se1−x_{1-x}Tex_{x} observed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy

We report on the first investigation of the quasiparticle local density of states and superconducting gap in the iron chalcogenide superconductor Fe$_{1+\delta}$Se$_{1-x}$Te$_{x}$ ($T_{\mathrm{c}} \sim 14$ K). The surface of a cleaved crystal revealed an atomic square lattice, superimposed on the inhomogeneous background, with a lattice constant of $\sim 3.8$ \AA without any reconstruction. Tunneling spectra measured at 4.2 K exhibit the superconducting gap, which completely disappears at 18 K, with a magnitude of $\sim 2.3$ meV, corresponding to $2\Delta / k_{\mathrm{B}}T_{\mathrm{c}}=3.8$.In stark contrast to the cuprate superconductors, the value of the observed superconducting gap is relatively homogeneous, following a sharp distribution with a small standard deviation of 0.23 meV. Conversely, the normal-state local density of states observed above $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ shows spatial variation over a wide energy range of more than 1 eV, probably due to the excess iron present in the crystal.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Novel slow dynamics of phase transition in the partially ordered frustrated magnet DyRu2Si2

DyRu2Si2 is a frustrated magnet to exhibit multiple magnetic phase transition in zero and finite magnetic fields. We investigated and characterized the phase transition between the partially-ordered antiferromagnetic phases at zero field by ac susceptibility measurements. Detailed ac susceptibility measurements reveal the novel critical dynamics of the phase transition; extremely slow dynamics with the relaxation time in the order of 10-100 msec, speed-up of the dynamics on cooling indicating its non-thermally activated origin and growing of the ferromagnetic correlations towards the phase transition temperature. On the basis of these findings, we propose the novel phase transition process, namely, the spontaneous striped-arrangement of the precedently emergent "belt-like" ferromagnetic spin texture.Comment: Accepted by JPSJ URL:https://journals.jps.jp/doi/10.7566/JPSJ.92.09470

Electrostatic Micro Mirror Array with Batch-Fabricated Torsion Beam of Silicon Nanowire

2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 18-22 Jan. 2020.A new design of arrayed micro mirror device for a high performance spatial light modulator of high resonant frequency, large deflection angle with high mechanical reliability has been proposed. The mirror has 100-μm square plate of 5 μm thick, which is suspended by thin silicon nanowire of about 1 μm thick and wide. The device was fabricated using Bosch process and isotropic plasma etching. We successfully demonstrated array operation of 4×4 devices at relatively low actuation voltage (~20 Vpp) and large mechanical deflection amplitude (~9°). However, the deviation of vibration amplitude was large among unit resonators. By fitting the frequency response to the Duffing equation we found that self-enhancing actuation force caused by nonlinearity of the vertical combs was a main reason

Single crystal synthesis and magnetic properties of Co²⁺-substituted and non-substituted magnetoplumbite-type Na–La ferrite

Single crystals of magnetoplumbite-type Na–La ferrite with and without Co doping were grown by the flux method. Wave length dispersive X-ray analysis reveals that Na and La are present in the ratio of Na/La ​= ​0.25–0.41, and Co is successfully substituted for Fe. Magnetization measurements using single crystals indicate uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in these materials. A metamagnetic transition for the hard-axis magnetization was observed in non Co²⁺-substituted samples at around 7 ​kOe due to the magnetic free energy double minima originating from the Fe²⁺ ion. The successful introduction of Co²⁺ enhances the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy favorable for permanent magnets