日本の看護教育の歴史的検討と今後の課題

戦後、日本の看護教育はカリキュラムの改正や多数の理論の浸透など格段に向上したが、看護の専門性や実践レベルの向上は進んでいない。その理由を養成制度やカリキュラムを取りあげ考察した。背景には、養成制度の複雑さ、教員確保の政策的な取り組みの不足、医療のパターナリズムと看護師の依存および自律性の不足、保助看法の指定規則による拘束、実践教育の軽視等が関与していると考察した。今後の課題として、養成制度上の問題の解決、自律した実践者の育成のためのカリキュラムの検討が必要である。また学生個々の能力を引き出していく上で教員の質の向上も課題である

A report on Short-term Study-abroad of English and Nursing Participation in the summer programs held in 1997, at Wenatchee Valley College and the School of Nursing, Seattle University

I participated in the 1997 summer program at Wenatchee Valley College and School of Nursing, Seattle University in Washington State, U.S.A I experienced a home-stay for the first time. I had opportunities to learn about nursing education and professional systems there. Through these programs, I gained many invaluable experiences. Here I present those which deeply impressed me

Angiotensin II and III suppress food intake via angiotensin AT2 receptor and prostaglandin EP4 receptor in mice

AbstractIntracerebroventricularly administered angiotensin (Ang) II and III dose-dependently suppressed food intake in mice and their anorexigenic activities were inhibited by AT2 receptor-selective antagonist. Ang II did not suppress food intake in AT2 receptor-knockout mice, while it did significantly in wild-type and AT1 receptor-knockout mice. The suppression of food intake in AT1 receptor-knockout mice was smaller than that in wild-type. The anorexigenic activities of Ang II and III were also blocked by a selective antagonist for prostaglandin EP4 receptor. Taken together, centrally administered Ang II and III may decrease food intake through AT2 receptor with partial involvement of AT1 receptor, followed by EP4 receptor activation, which is a novel pathway regulating food intake

Blockade of vascular adhesion protein-1 attenuates choroidal neovascularization

Purpose: Vascular adhesion protein (VAP)-1 is an adhesion molecule elucidated as a mediator of the leukocyte recruitment cascade. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of VAP-1 in ocular inflammatory neovascularization using a mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. Methods: CNV was induced with 532 nm laser irradiation in C57BL/6 mice, and production of VAP-1 protein in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) choroid during CNV formation was examined. CNV animals were treated with the specific VAP-1 inhibitor U-V002 or vehicle solution, and the volume of CNV tissue was evaluated with volumetric measurements. Macrophage infiltration into the CNV lesions was evaluated using two different techniques, flatmount staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for F4/80. The protein levels of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, P-selectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the RPE-choroid were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: VAP-1 inhibition significantly suppressed CNV formation in a dose-dependent manner and reduced macrophage infiltration into CNV lesions. Furthermore, VAP-1 blockade decreased the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1, both of which play a pivotal role in macrophage recruitment. Conclusions: Our data suggest VAP-1 has an important role during ocular inflammatory neovascularization through leukocyte recruitment. VAP-1 inhibition may be a novel and potent therapeutic strategy in treating CNV formation

移動に関わる看護技術の考察 : 1984年～1993年の文献を通して

1984年から10年の間に発表された研究から、移動に関わる援助技術について33題を抽出し、検討した。その結果、看護者の移動技術の実態、好ましい移動方法、移動技術の指導ポイント、用具の活用、適切なベッドの高さが、実態調査や実験によって明らかにされようとしていた.今後は、患者・看護者の生理的な体の動きを生かした、双方ともに安楽な移動技術の開発が望まれる.そのためにはまず、今までに明らかになったことを、有効利用していけるように、より具体的にしていく努力が必要である。そしてその技術をどのように普及し、定着化を図っていけばよいのか、基礎看護教育での取り組みが課題としてあがった

Differential Proliferation Rhythm of Neural Progenitor and Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Young Adult Hippocampus

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a unique type of glial cells that function as oligodendrocyte progenitors while constantly proliferating in the normal condition from rodents to humans. However, the functional roles they play in the adult brain are largely unknown. In this study, we focus on the manner of OPC proliferation in the hippocampus of the young adult mice. Here we report that there are oscillatory dynamics in OPC proliferation that differ from neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ); the former showed S-phase and M-phase peaks in the resting and active periods, respectively, while the latter only exhibited M-phase peak in the active period. There is coincidence between different modes of proliferation and expression of cyclin proteins that are crucial for cell cycle; cyclin D1 is expressed in OPCs, while cyclin D2 is observed in neural stem cells. Similar to neurogenesis, the proliferation of hippocampal OPCs was enhanced by voluntary exercise that leads to an increase in neuronal activity in the hippocampus. These data suggest an intriguing control of OPC proliferation in the hippocampus

Five-antituberculosis Drug-resistance Genes Detection Using Array System

Detection of resistance to drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis takes about two months from the sample collection using culture-based methods. To test a rapid method for detection of resistance for five antituberculosis drugs using DNA microarray and to examine its potential for clinical use, we employed a DNA microarray for detection of seven mutations genes related to resistance of five kinds of antituberculous drugs using Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA isolated from sputum. The results of microarray analysis were compared with the results of a standard culture method of Lowenstein-jensen drug sensitivity testing system. DNA microarray analysis showed a high sensitivity (>90%) for all five drugs. Specificity of rifampicin and ethambutol were nearly 90%, however specificity of isoniazid (60%) and kanamycin (67%) were not enough. The amount of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA required for microarray analysis corresponded to at least 1–9 Acid-Fast Bacilli per 10 fields by carbolfuchsin staining. DNA microarray analysis appears to be useful for estimation of drug resistances, nevertheless its limitations. To minimize misunderstanding, it is necessary to confirm the number of bacilli in the sputum, and culture method is needed for comparison when use the PCR-based array system

Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water

ヒストン遺伝子を全セット持つ巨大ウイルスの発見 --DNA関連遺伝子のウイルス起源に新たな証拠--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2019-02-08.Recent discoveries of new large DNA viruses reveal high diversity in their morphologies, genetic repertoires, and replication strategies. Here, we report the novel features of medusavirus, a large DNA virus newly isolated from hot spring water in Japan. Medusavirus, with a diameter of 260 nm, shows a T=277 icosahedral capsid with unique spherical-headed spikes on its surface. It has a 381-kb genome encoding 461 putative proteins, 86 of which have their closest homologs in Acanthamoeba, whereas 279 (61%) are orphan genes. The virus lacks the genes encoding DNA topoisomerase II and RNA polymerase, showing that DNA replication takes place in the host nucleus, whereas the progeny virions are assembled in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the medusavirus genome harbored genes for all five types of histones (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and one DNA polymerase, which are phylogenetically placed at the root of the eukaryotic clades. In contrast, the host amoeba encoded many medusavirus homologs, including the major capsid protein. These facts strongly suggested that amoebae are indeed the most promising natural hosts of medusavirus, and that lateral gene transfers have taken place repeatedly and bidirectionally between the virus and its host since the early stage of their coevolution. Medusavirus reflects the traces of direct evolutionary interactions between the virus and eukaryotic hosts, which may be caused by sharing the DNA replication compartment and by evolutionarily long lasting virus-host relationships. Based on its unique morphological characteristics and phylogenomic relationships with other known large DNA viruses, we propose that medusavirus represents a new family, Medusaviridae