Double Q2Q^2-rescaling model and the nuclear effect of the parton distribution functions

In order to overcome the shortcoming of nonconservation of nuclear momentum existing in the original $Q^2$-rescaling model(O$Q^2$RM) and avoid introducing nuclear shadowing factor, we proposed a double $Q^2$-rescaling model(D$Q^2$RM) for the parton distributions of the bound nucleon. Using the experimental data of lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering(DIS) and the condition of the nuclear momentum conservation, the $Q^2$-rescaling parameters of various partons for Sn, Fe, Ca and C nuclei are determined. The rescaling parameters of valence quark distributions are larger than unity and graduauly increases with atomic number A, on the contrary, the rescaling parameters of sea quark distributions and gluon distributions are smaller than unity, and slowly decreases with A. By using this model, the experimental data of the DIS process, the nuclear Drell-Yan process and $J/\psi$ photoproduction process are consistently and quite satisfactorily explained. Key words --- parton distribution functions, Nuclear effect, Double $Q^2$-rescaling model.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures (to be published in Z. Phys. C

Living with a military base : a study of the relationship between a US military base and Kin Town, Okinawa, Japan

This thesis is an exploratory and descriptive study of the relationship between a US military base and Kin Town, Okinawa, Japan, presented in the form of ethnography. Guided by James Scott's theory of "weapons of the weak," it explores the relationship between the two in terms of how the townspeople deal with the hegemony of the military base in the context of their daily life. Especially, it attempts to examine whether the townspeople's strategies to live with the base can challenge the hegemonic claim that the base exists to help create peace in the world. This thesis first describes the historical process in which a complex relationship between the two has emerged. Focusing on three important characteristics of pre-war Kin, close knit communal membership, "the home of emigrant pioneers," and communal land management, it illustrates how Kin has changed and/or has not changed in relation to the construction of a military base in the town. Secondly, this thesis describes how the townspeople perceive the base and their relationship with the base. Pointing out that the base is never perceived by the townspeople as a mere military institution, it shows that the base is perceived as both "the root cause of problems" and the most important fmancial resource with imposing international power. It argues that this paradoxical situation has created many dilemmas in the town, including the townspeople's ambivalent view regarding the hegemonic claim. Thirdly, this thesis shows that, with such perceptions of the base, the townspeople have developed various strategies to live with the base. Non-native Kin bar owners have developed the "American Bar System" and practice the hiring of Filipino women to interact with military personnel. Native Kin people employ the strategies of disassociation from the base and "independent" protests to live with the base. In addition, this thesis also examines native Kin people's "money redistributing system" and their reconstruction of the town as "the home of emigrant pioneers" in the framework of strategies to live with the base. It argues, however, that while these strategies enable the townspeople to live with the base, they cannot challenge the hegemony of the base and its hegemonic claim. Finally, this thesis shows how the history of the relationship, the townspeople's perceptions of the base, and their strategies to live with the base are related to each other. It also presents a scenario of how the townspeople can challenge the hegemony of the base and its hegemonic claim by expanding James Scott's theory and the townspeople's present strategies. The scenario is then translated into specific recommendations for the town

Electron-energy-loss function of LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy: Theory and experiment

We report experimental energy-loss structures in x-ray photoemission spectra of single crystalline LiTaO3 and LiNbO3, and then compare these with theoretical electron-energy-loss functions calculated from first principles using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method in the local-density approximation. The energy-loss structure of core electrons can be approximated by a sum of four components: for LiTaO3, the peaks positioned at 8.0, 13.4, 15.8, and 22.6 eV; for LiNbO3, those positioned at 7.0, 12.0, 14.5, and 21.8 eV. The momentum matrix elements between Bloch functions were evaluated to determine the electron energy-loss functions. The theoretical electron-energy-loss functions agreed fairly well with the experimental one. The experimental peaks positioned at 8.0, 13.4, and 15.8 eV for LiTaO3 and those at 7.0, 12.0, and 14.5 eV for LiNbO3 were assigned to the interband transitions from the valence band to the conduction bands. The peaks at 22.6 eV for LiTaO3 and 21.8 eV for LiNbO3 were ascribed to the electron excitation from the O 2s level to the lower conduction band

U.S. Military Base Construction at Henoko-Oura Bay and the Okinawan Governor's Strategy to Stop It

This paper analyses the present (2018) state of the struggle between the government of Japan and the government and people of the prefecture of Okinawa, focussing on its most recent phase, since the Okinawan prefectural complaint was dismissed by the Supreme Court in December 2016. Governor Onaga then revoked his 2015 cancellation of the 2013 license to reclaim parts of Oura Bay as site for the base construction and works resumed in April 2017 after one year in suspension. Since then, Governor Onaga has repeatedly declared that he will rescind the license under which those works are being carried out, but has given no indication as to when. Work now continues, at an accelerating pace, and the Governor has recently issued permits allowing ports in Northern Okinawa to be used for transport of construction materials. This paper analyses the apparent contradictions in the Governor's stance and the way they are understood within the protest movement

Bayesian inference to identify crystalline structures for XRD

Crystalline phase structure is essential for understanding the performance and properties of a material. Therefore, this study identified and quantified the crystalline phase structure of a sample based on the diffraction pattern observed when the crystalline sample was irradiated with electromagnetic waves such as X-rays. Conventional analysis necessitates experienced and knowledgeable researchers to shorten the list from many candidate crystalline phase structures. However, the Conventional diffraction pattern analysis is highly analyst-dependent and not objective. Additionally, there is no established method for discussing the confidence intervals of the analysis results. Thus, this study aimed to establish a method for automatically inferring crystalline phase structures from diffraction patterns using Bayesian inference. Our method successfully identified true crystalline phase structures with a high probability from 50 candidate crystalline phase structures. Further, the mixing ratios of selected crystalline phase structures were estimated with a high degree of accuracy. This study provided reasonable results for well-crystallized samples that clearly identified the crystalline phase structures

Inhibitory effect of ribbon-type NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides on osteoclast induction and activity in vitro and in vivo

In this study we examined the effect of ribbon-type (circular-type) NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (RNODN) on osteoclast induction and activity. We extracted bone marrow cells from the femurs of rats and incubated non-adherent cells with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). First, transfer efficiency into osteoclasts and their precursors, resistance to exonuclease, and binding activity of decoy to NF-κB were examined. Next, to examine the effect of RNODN on osteoclast induction and activity, osteoclast differentiation and pit formation assays were performed. RNODN were injected into the ankle joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Joint destruction and osteoclast activity were examined by histological study. The resistance of RNODN to exonuclease and their binding activity on NF-κB were both greater than those of phosphorothionated NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. The absolute number of multinucleate cells scoring positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was significantly decreased in the RNODN-treated group. The average calcified matrix resorbed area was significantly decreased in the RNODN-treated group. Histological study showed marked suppression of joint destruction and osteoclast activity by intra-articular injection of RNODN. These results suggest the inhibitory effect of RNODN on the induction and activity of osteoclasts. Direct intra-articular injection of RNODN into the joints may be an effective strategy for the treatment of arthritis

Photoelectron energy-loss functions of SrTiO3, BaTiO3, and TiO2: Theory and experiment

We compare experimental O 1s electron energy-loss structures below 30 eV of single crystalline SrTiO3 ,BaTiO3, and TiO2 with their theoretical electron energy-loss functions. The photoelectron energy-loss structuresof in situ fractured surface in ultrahigh vacuum can be approximated by a sum of four components forSrTiO3 and BaTiO3, and of three components for TiO2. Electronic structures were calculated from first principlesusing the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method in the local-density approximation. Themomentum matrix elements between Bloch functions were evaluated to determine the electron energy-lossfunctions. The theoretical electron energy-loss functions agree well with experimental spectra except a structureat around 20 eV of SrTiO3 and that at around 18 eV of BaTiO3. The difference of high binding energypeaks is explained from the positions of semicore states