313 research outputs found
Impact of turbulence intensity and fragmentation velocity on dust particle size evolution and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics effects
We investigate the influence of dust particle size evolution on non-ideal
magnetohydrodynamic effects during the collapsing phase of star-forming cores,
taking both the turbulence intensity in the collapsing cloud core and the
fragmentation velocity of dust particles as parameters. When the turbulence
intensity is small, the dust particles do not grow significantly, and the
non-ideal MHD effects work efficiently in high-density regions. The dust
particles rapidly grow in a strongly turbulent environment, while the
efficiency of non-ideal MHD effects in such an environment depends on the
fragmentation velocity of the dust particles. When the fragmentation velocity
is small, turbulence promotes coagulation growth and collisional fragmentation
of dust particles, producing small dust particles. In this case, the adsorption
of charged particles on the dust particle surfaces becomes efficient and the
abundance of charged particles decreases, making non-ideal MHD effects
effective at high densities. On the other hand, when the fragmentation velocity
is high, dust particles are less likely to fragment, even if the turbulence is
strong. In this case, the production of small dust particles become inefficient
and non-ideal MHD effects become less effective. We also investigate the effect
of the dust composition on the star and disk formation processes. We constrain
the turbulence intensity of a collapsing core and the fragmentation velocity of
dust for circumstellar disk formation due to the dissipation of the magnetic
field.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 15 pages, 13 figure
Dust coagulation and fragmentation in a collapsing cloud core and their influence on non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects
We determine the time evolution of the dust particle size distribution during
the collapse of a cloud core, accounting for both dust coagulation and dust
fragmentation, to investigate the influence of dust growth on non-ideal
magnetohydrodynamic effects.The density evolution of the collapsing core is
given by a one-zone model. We assume two types of dust model: dust composed
only of silicate (silicate dust) and dust with a surface covered by
ice ( ice dust). When only considering
collisional coagulation, the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects are not
effective in the high-density region for both the silicate and
ice dust cases. This is because dust coagulation reduces the
abundance of small dust particles, resulting in less efficient adsorption of
charged particles on the dust surface. For the silicate dust case, when
collisional fragmentation is included, the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic
effects do apply at a high density of $n_{\mathrm{H}}>10^{12} \
\mathrm{cm^{-3}}\mathrm{H_{2}O}\mathrm{H_{2}O}n_{\mathrm{H}}\gtrsim 10^{14} \ \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, even when
collisional fragmentation is considered. Our results suggest that it is
necessary to consider both dust collisional coagulation and fragmentation to
activate non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects, which should play a significant
role in the star and disk formation processes.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 17 pages, 11 figure
Measurement of intracellular pH by flow cytometry using pH sensitive fluorescence dye, and influence of hyperthermia and amiloride derivatives on the intracellular pH
エールリッヒ腹水癌細胞とそのアドリアマイシン耐性細胞において蛍光pH指示薬2'、7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl) carboxyfluorescein] (BCECF) の蛍光量をフローサイトメトリーで測定することによって細胞内pHの検量曲線を作成することができた。このことより、これらの細胞においてBCECFの蛍光量で細胞内pHの変化を簡易に比較できることを示唆した。さらに、温熱、Na(+)/H(+) exchanger の阻害例であるアミロライド[3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(diaminomethylene) pyrazinecarboxamide]、およびアミロライド誘導隊MH-12-43[N-amidino-3-amino-6-chloro-5-(N-ethyliso-propylamino) pyrazinecarboxyamide] の細胞内pHへの影響をエールリッヒ腹水癌細胞で観察した。37℃では、0.5mMアミロライド、0.05mM MH-12-43により細胞内pHは減少し、42℃処理によりさらに減少した。42℃において、0.05mM MH-12-43による細胞内pHの減少は、0.5mMアミロライドによる減少より大きかった。We examined relationship between intensity of intracellular fluorescence of [2', 7'-bis-(2'-carboxyethyl) carboxyfluorescein] (BCECF) and intracellular pH in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and their adriamycin-resistant strain, and found a good correlation between them at both strains. This suggests that changes in the intracellular pH on these strains may be obtained through measurement of intracellular fluorescence of BCECF by flow cytometry. Further, we examined influence of hyperthermia, 3, 5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(diaminomethylene)pyrazinecarboxamide (amiloride), an inhibitor of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, and its derivative; N-amidino-3-amino-6-chloro-5-(N-ethylisopropylamino) pyrazinecarboxyamide (MH-12-43) on the intracellular pH in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The treatment of 0.5mM amiloride or 0.05mM MH-12-43 reduced intracellular pH at 37℃, while the more reduction was observed by the treatment at 42℃. The reduction of intracellular pH by 0.05mM MH-12-43 was more substantial than that of 0.5mM amiloride at 42℃
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Inhibit Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection through a Multi-Step Process
In humans, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most significant infectious cause of intrauterine infections that cause congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. Currently, it is not known how this process is affected by the timing of infection and the susceptibility of early-gestational-period cells. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are more resistant to CMV than most other cell types, although the mechanism responsible for this resistance is not well understood. Using a plaque assay and evaluation of immediate-early 1 mRNA and protein expression, we found that mouse ES cells were resistant to murine CMV (MCMV) at the point of transcription. In ES cells infected with MCMV, treatment with forskolin and trichostatin A did not confer full permissiveness to MCMV. In ES cultures infected with elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) promoter-green fluorescent protein (GFP) recombinant MCMV at a multiplicity of infection of 10, less than 5% of cells were GFP-positive, despite the fact that ES cells have relatively high EF-1α promoter activity. Quantitative PCR analysis of the MCMV genome showed that ES cells allow approximately 20-fold less MCMV DNA to enter the nucleus than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) do, and that this inhibition occurs in a multi-step manner. In situ hybridization revealed that ES cell nuclei have significantly less MCMV DNA than MEF nuclei. This appears to be facilitated by the fact that ES cells express less heparan sulfate, β1 integrin, and vimentin, and have fewer nuclear pores, than MEF. This may reduce the ability of MCMV to attach to and enter through the cellular membrane, translocate to the nucleus, and cross the nuclear membrane in pluripotent stem cells (ES/induced pluripotent stem cells). The results presented here provide perspective on the relationship between CMV susceptibility and cell differentiation
HAMAMATSU-ICG study: Protocol for a phase III, multicentre, single-arm study to assess the usefulness of indocyanine green fluorescent lymphography in assessing secondary lymphoedema
Introduction
Secondary lymphoedema of the extremities is an important quality-of-life issue for patients who were treated for their malignancies. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography may be helpful for assessing lymphoedema and for planning lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA). The objective of the present clinical trial is to confirm whether or not ICG fluorescent lymphography using the near-infrared monitoring camera is useful for assessing the indication for LVA, for the identification of the lymphatic vessels before the conduct of LVA, and for the confirmation of the patency of the anastomosis site during surgery.
Methods and analysis
This trial is a phase III, multicentre, single-arm, open-label clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of ICG fluorescent lymphography when assessing and treating lymphoedema of patients with secondary lymphoedema who are under consideration for LVA. The primary endpoint is the identification rate of the lymphatic vessels at the incision site based on ICG fluorescent lymphograms obtained before surgery. The secondary endpoints are 1) the sensitivity and specificity of dermal back flow determined by ICG fluorescent lymphography as compared with 99mTc lymphoscintigraphy—one of the standard diagnostic methods and 2) the usefulness of ICG fluorescent lymphography when confirming the patency of the anastomosis site after LVA.
Ethics and dissemination
The protocol for the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of each institution. The trial was filed for and registered at the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency in Japan. The trial is currently on-going and is scheduled to end in June 2020
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