非ヒト霊長類疾病モデル作成を目的としたゲノム編集アカゲザルiPSCからのウイルス感受性を変化させたマクロファージの再生

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(医学)甲第23413号医博第4758号新制||医||1052(附属図書館)京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻(主査)教授 竹内 理, 教授 小柳 義夫, 教授 濵﨑 洋子学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Medical ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

Hip fracture protection by alendronate treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a review of the literature

Osteoporosis most commonly affects postmenopausal women, placing them at a significant risk of fractures. In particular, hip fractures are an important cause of mortality and morbidity among postmenopausal women. Anti-resorptive therapies that produce greater decreases in bone turnover markers together with greater increases in bone mineral density (BMD) are associated with greater reductions in fracture risk, especially at sites primarily composed of cortical bone such as the hip. Thus, treatment with potent anti-resorptive drugs like alendronate is a strategy for preventing hip fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the efficacy of alendronate against hip fractures and the mechanism for this anti-fracture efficacy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials has shown that alendronate reduces the risk of hip fractures by 55% in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. According to the analyses of the Fracture Intervention Trial, each 1 standard deviation reduction in a 1-year change in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) is associated with 39% fewer hip fractures in alendronate-treated postmenopausal women, and those with at least 30% reduction in BSAP have a 74% lower risk of hip fractures relative to those with less than 30%. Alendronate is effective in reducing the risk of hip fractures across a spectrum of ages. The mechanism for this anti-fracture efficacy has been clarified; alendronate strongly suppresses bone turnover and subsequently increases hip BMD, decreases cortical porosity, improves parameters of hip structure geometry (cortical thickness, cross-sectional area, section modulus, and buckling ratio), and produces more uniform mineralization (increases the mean degree of mineralization of bone) in cortical bone. A once-weekly regimen of alendronate administration provides better patient compliance and persistence with the treatment than the once-daily dosing regimen, leading to greater efficacy against hip fractures. Thus, the efficacy of alendronate against hip fractures has been confirmed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, especially with a once-weekly dosing regimen

Spin-dependent observables in surrogate reactions

Observables emitted from various spin states in compound U nuclei are investigated to validate usefulness of the surrogate reaction method. It was found that energy spectrum of cascading $\gamma$-rays and their multiplicities, spectrum of evaporated neutrons, and mass-distribution of fission fragments show clear dependence on the spin of decaying nuclei. The present results indicate that they can be used to infer populated spin distributions which significantly affect the decay branching ratio of the compound system produced by the surrogate reactions