Logichart: A Prolog Program Diagram and its Layout

Abstract: The layout of Logichart diagrams is first discussed. The layout condition is formalized with a layout constraint (expressions of equalities and inequalities) of tree-structured diagrams. Next, a cell placement that gives the minimum-area layout under a specific layout constraint is presented. A Logichart attribute graph grammar is then formalized. This grammar is underlain by a neighborhood controlled embedding (NCE) graph grammar whose productions are defined in order to formalize the graph-syntax rules of Logichart diagrams. Semantic rules attached to the grammar's productions are defined in such a way that they can extract the layout information needed to display a Logichart diagram by means of the attributes attached to the nodes of the graphs derived by the grammar. The semantic rules are formalized so as to obtain the Logichart diagrams of the minimum area under the above layout constraint

A Category of Probability Spaces

We introduce a category \Prob of probability spaces whose objects are all probability spaces and whose arrows correspond to measurable functions satisfying an absolutely continuous requirement. We can consider a \Prob-arrow as an evolving direction of information. We introduce a contravariant functor $\mathcal{E}$ from \Prob to \Set, the category of sets. The functor $\mathcal{E}$ provides conditional expectations along arrows in \Prob, which are generalizations of the classical conditional expectations. For a \Prob-arrow $f^-$, we introduce two concepts $f^-$-measurability and $f^-$-independence and investigate their interaction with conditional expectations along $f^-$. We also show that the completion of probability spaces is naturally formulated as an endofunctor of \Prob

Prediction of pathologic node-negative clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma for optimal candidates undergoing sublobar resection

ObjectivePatients with pathologic node-negative early lung cancer may be optimal candidates for sublobar resection. We aimed to identify predictors of pathologic lymph node involvement in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsThe data from a multicenter database of 502 patients with completely resected clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed to determine the relationship between the lymph node metastasis status and tumor size on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Revised SUVmax was used to correct interinstitutional discrepancies.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, either a solid tumor size on HRCT (P = .001) or an SUVmax on FDG-PET/CT (P = .049) was an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis. The predictive criteria of pathologic node-negative early lung cancer were a solid tumor size of less than 0.8 cm or an SUVmax of less than 1.5. Patients who met the predictive criteria of pathologic node-negative disease had less pathologic invasiveness, such as lymphatic, vascular, or pleural invasion (P < .001), and better disease-free survival (P < .0001) than those who did not, and 86 (40.4%) of the 213 patients with T1b (2-3 cm) tumors met the predictive criteria.ConclusionsEither a solid tumor size or an SUVmax was a significant independent predictor of nodal involvement in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma. The pathologic node-negative status criteria of a solid tumor size of less than 0.8 cm on HRCT or an SUVmax of less than1.5 on FDG-PET/CT may be helpful for avoiding systematic lymphadenectomy for clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma, even in cases of T1b (2-3 cm) tumor

X-ray and Optical Monitoring of State Transitions in MAXI J1820+070

We report results from the X-ray and optical monitoring of the black hole candidate MAXI J1820+070 (=ASSASN-18ey) over the entire period of its outburst from March to October 2018.In this outburst, the source exhibited two sets of `fast rise and slow decay'-type long-term flux variations. We found that the 1--100 keV luminosities at two peaks were almost the same, although a significant spectral softening was only seen in the second flux rise. This confirms that the state transition from the low/hard state to the high/soft state is not determined by the mass accretion rate alone. The X-ray spectrum was reproduced with the disk blackbody emission and its Comptonization, and the long-term spectral variations seen in this outburst were consistent with a disk truncation model. The Comptonization component, with a photon index of 1.5-1.9 and electron temperature of ~>40 keV, was dominant during the low/hard state periods, and its contribution rapidly decreased (increased) during the spectral softening (hardening). During the high/soft state period, in which the X-ray spectrum became dominated by the disk blackbody component, the inner disk radius was almost constant, suggesting that the standard disk was present down to the inner most stable circular orbit. The long-term evolution of optical and X-ray luminosities and their correlation suggest that the jets substantially contributed to the optical emission in the low/hard state, while they are quenched and the outer disk emission dominated the optical flux in the intermediate state and the high/soft state.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, ApJ in pres

Laparoscopic extra-abdominal suturing technique for the repair of Larrey’s diaphragmatic hernia using the port closure needle (Endo Close®): A case report

AbstractIntroductionMorgagni’s or Larrey’s diaphragmatic hernias are relatively uncommon. If the defect is too large for primary closure, the use of a mesh is inevitable. Although primary closure is adaptable for relatively small defects, it is difficult to suture the hernial orifice in which the anterior rim is absent. Herein, we present the case of a patient with Larrey’s diaphragmatic hernia that was easily and securely repaired using the recently developed laparoscopic extra-abdominal suturing technique via the port closure needle (Endo Close®; Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA).Presentation of caseAn 89-year-old woman complaining of vomiting was transferred to our hospital. Computed tomography scan showed Larrey’s diaphragmatic hernia. Laparoscopic repair was performed after gastric decompression. We diagnosed Larrey’s hernia on the left side of the falciform ligament. The transverse colon was herniated through the defect. Since the hernial defect was located below the substernal space, there was no tissue to stitch at the anterior rim of the hernial orifice. We performed the extra-abdominal suturing technique, suturing the posterior rim of the hernia to the full thickness of the anterior abdominal wall using the port closure needle (Endo Close®) without the need for a mesh. The patient was discharged on the 8th postoperative day. There was no evidence of recurrence at 8 months postoperatively.DiscussionThe recently developed extra-abdominal suturing technique using Endo Close® to suture the full thickness of the anterior abdominal wall achieved secure mattress suture and easy extra-abdominal tying.ConclusionThis method may be useful in terms of easiness and security of suture

Advantages of radial volumetric breath-hold examination (VIBE) with k-space weighted image contrast reconstruction (KWIC) over Cartesian VIBE in liver imaging of volunteers simulating inadequate or no breath-holding ability

To investigate the superiority of radial volumetric breath-hold examination (r-VIBE) with k-space weighted image contrast reconstruction (KWIC) over Cartesian VIBE (c-VIBE) for reducing motion artefacts. We acquired r-VIBE-KWIC and c-VIBE images in 10 healthy volunteers. Each acquisition lasted 24 seconds. The volunteers held their breath for decreasing lengths of time during the acquisitions, from 24 to 0 seconds (protocols A-E). Magnetic resonance images at the level of the right portal vein and confluence of hepatic veins were assessed by two readers using a five-point scale with a higher number indicating a better study. The mean scores for the complete r-VIBE-KWIC series (r-VIBEfull) and first r-VIBE-KWIC series (r-VIBE1) were not significantly lower than those for c-VIBE in any protocols. The mean scores for c-VIBE were lower than those for r-VIBEfull and r-VIBE1 in protocols C and D. The mean score for c-VIBE was lower than that for r-VIBEfull in protocol E. The mean score for the eighth r-VIBE-KWIC series (r-VIBE8) was lower than that for c-VIBE only in protocol B. r-VIBE-KWIC minimised artefacts relative to c-VIBE at any slice location. The r-VIBE-KWIC's sub-frame images during the breath-holding period were hardly affected by another failed breath-holding period. aEuro cent A two-reader study revealed r-VIBE-KWIC's advantages over c-VIBE aEuro cent The image quality of r-VIBE-KWIC's sub-frame images was maintained during breath holding aEuro cent Full-frame r-VIBE-KWIC images minimized motion artefacts caused by breathing aEuro cent A complete breath holding over half the acquisition time is recommended for c-VIBE aEuro cent c-VIBE was susceptible to respiratory motion especially in the subphrenic region.ArticleEUROPEAN RADIOLOGY.26(8):2790-2797(2016)journal articl