Observational Equivalence Using Schedulers for Quantum Processes

In the study of quantum process algebras, researchers have introduced different notions of equivalence between quantum processes like bisimulation or barbed congruence. However, there are intuitively equivalent quantum processes that these notions do not regard as equivalent. In this paper, we introduce a notion of equivalence named observational equivalence into qCCS. Since quantum processes have both probabilistic and nondeterministic transitions, we introduce schedulers that solve nondeterministic choices and obtain probability distribution of quantum processes. By definition, the restrictions of schedulers change observational equivalence. We propose some definitions of schedulers, and investigate the relation between the restrictions of schedulers and observational equivalence.Comment: In Proceedings QPL 2014, arXiv:1412.810

Large Magnetic-Field-Induced Strains in Sintered Chromium Tellurides

Sintered samples of Cr3Te4 and Cr2Te3 are found to show large strains accompanied by large volume changes under a magnetic field. In Cr3Te4, volume increases of deltaV/V = 500-1170 ppm by applying a magnetic field of 9 T are observed over the entire temperature range below 350 K. At room temperature, the deltaV/V value exceeds 1000 ppm, which is considerably larger than the maximum values reported for Cr-based magnets thus far and is comparable to the room-temperature value of forced-volume magnetostriction in invar alloys. Cr2Te3 show a large deltaV/V of 680 ppm when applying a magnetic field of 9 T at 200 K. Both samples display particularly large volume increases around the Curie temperature, where they also show negative thermal expansion due to microstructural effects, suggesting that the cooperation between anisotropic lattice deformation associated with the magnetic ordering and microstructural effects is essential for the manifestation of the large magnetic-field-induced volume changes.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

加熱デンプン水溶液の流動方程式における各種粘性パラメータ算出に関する研究

液状食品に関する各種装置の設計ならびに操作を行なっていくためには,流動方程式を設定し,それに含まれる各種粘性パラメータを算出していくことが必要である。本研究は,加熱処理したデンプン水溶液の流動特性を,毛管形粘度計を作製して30,50および70℃において求め,流動方程式における各種粘性パラメータ算出に関する研究を行なったものである。加熱処理した3および5wt%の小麦,トウモロコシ,ジャガイモおよびサツマイモデンプン水溶液を試料とした。 流動方程式γ＝(1/K)(gcτ－gcτy)nに含まれる粘性パラメータn, τyおよびKを,非線形最小二乗法を使用して算出する電子計算機プログラムを作成した。 加熱処理した3および5wt%の各種デンプン水溶液について,n, τyおよびKの値を計算した結果,n=1.2～1.4, τy≒0となり,擬塑性流体として取り扱えることが分った。n=1.3, τy=0と固定して求めたKの値は,温度の上昇ならびに濃度の減少で小さく変わり,K=Aexp(E/RgT)として表わすことができた。試料とした各種デンプン水溶液に対して,E=3～7kcal/g‐molとなる結果が得られた。 本研究成果は,流動特性が複雑な食品などの流動方程式を実験データよりシミュレーションによって得る場合に有用である。The flow equations of liquid foods are important bases to design various apparatuses and to control various plants. The viscometric behavior of heated starch solutions was measured at 30, 50 and 70°C. The capillary tube viscometer was used in these studies. Heated starch solutions of 3 and 5 wt% wheat, corn, potato and sweet potato starches were used as samples. An empirical flow equation γ= (1/K) (gcτ－gcτy)n was assumed, and the viscometric constants n, τy and K were calculated using the non-linear least square method. The yield stress τy (gf/cm2) could be overlooked for the heated starch solutions studied, and a power-law flow equation was applied. The values of flow behavior index n(－) in the power-law flow equation were about 1.2 to 1.4 for all samples studied. Values of K(gn/cmn•sec^2n-i) which fixed n=1.3 were obtained, and they were expressed by an equation of the Arrhenius from K=A exp(E/RgT). The values of E were 3 to 7 kcal/g-mol for studied samples

均一乾燥モデルに基づく乾燥速度式に関する研究

各種の食品乾燥装置を設計し,制御化などを行なっていくためには,簡単な乾燥モデルに基づいた乾燥速度式を設定し,それに含まれる速度パラメータを求めていくことが必要である。 既報7)において,殻状乾燥モデルに基づく乾燥速度式の設定について報告してきた。本報は,均一乾燥モデルに基づく乾燥速度式を設定する研究を行ない,寒天,にんじんならびに炊飯米を例として速度パラメータを算出して,両乾燥モデルの適用性について検討したものである。 均一乾燥モデルに基づく乾燥速度式として,乾燥表面積を簡単な近似式で仮定して表わした場合と,それが未消失含水量のべき乗で関係づけられるとした場合とを仮定した。両者の計算結果はよく似た結果になり,乾燥装置の設計などに対しては簡単なだけ後者が有用と考えられた。乾燥速度は,寒天とにんじんでは,未消失含水量のほぼ0.5乗に,炊飯米ではほぼ1.0乗に比例する結果が得られ,乾燥速度式におけ未消失含水量のべき乗値は試料により著しく異なる結果になることが分った。 既報の殻状乾燥モデルと本報に示した均一乾燥モデルによる計算結果を比較した結果,寒天およびにんじんでは大変よく似た結果が得られた。乾燥機構が明確でなく,よく似た結果が得られる場合には,取り扱いが簡単となる後者が有用と考えられる。In order to design and automatically control various drying apparatuses, it is required to determine the simple approximated drying-rate equations and to obtain the rate parameters for the equations. In a previous paper, we studied the drying-rate equations based on the drying-shell models. In the present paper, we postulated the drying-rate equations based on the uniform drying models, and calculated the rate parameters in the drying-rate equations of agar gel, carrot and cooked rice. We studied the drying-rate equations which are postulated by the consideration of the drying-surface area S and by assuming that S may be correlated to the exponent of undisappeared water content (w-we). From the comparison of the calculated results, we concluded that S might be correlated to the exponent of (w-we), and that the order of the drying-rate equations which are postulated by assuming that S might be correlated to (w-we), is 0.5-1.0 for the used samples. The calculated results of agar gel and carrot for the uniform drying model were similar to those for the drying-shell model described in a previous paper. For much results, former model is better than the latter one as the former is less intricated

ジャガイモおよびサツマイモ薄片の蒸煮速度式に関する研究

各種食品の蒸煮装置を設計し,制御化などを行なっていくためには,蒸煮速度を測定し,簡単な速度式を設定していくことが必要である。既報1)において,低含水率の食品である米,うどんおよびきしめんの蒸煮速度を重量法により求め,蒸煮速度式の設定に関する研究を行なってきた。 本研究は,ジャガイモおよびサツマイモを例として,高含水率の食品の場合の蒸煮速度の測定法ならびに速度式の設定に関する研究を行なったものである。 (1) 高含水率の食品の蒸煮速度の測定に有用な衝撃貫通試験法を提案した。 (2) S型形状係数を含む簡単な速度式として提出した次に示す蒸煮速度式が,ジャガイモおよびサツマイモ簿片の蒸煮に対して利用できた。dx/dθ=kn, α(1－x)n(x+α)ここで,x(－)は蒸煮率,θ(min)は蒸煮時間であり,n(－), α(－)およびkn,α(min－1)は定数である。上式においてn=1.0とした場合のαの値は,本実験試料に対してほぼ0.1となった。In order to design and to control various cooking apparatuses, it is necessary to measure the cooking rate and to determine the cooking-rate equations. In a previous paper 1), we studied the cooking-rate equations of rice, udon and kishimen which are low water content foods using the weighing method for measuring the cooking rates. In the present paper, we studied the measuring methods of the cooking rate and the cooking-rate equations of potato and sweet potato slices which are high water content foods. The results of this investigations are as follows. (1) The impact-penetration method which is simple and useful for measurement the cooking-rate equations of high water content foods was used. (2) The following cooking-rate equation postulated as simple rate equation with a S-shape constant α(－) was adopted with satisfaction for the cooking of potato and sweet potato slices: dx/dθ= kn, α( 1－x)n(x+α) where, x(－) is the cooking-ratio, θ(min) is the cooking time, and n(－), α(－) and kn, α(min) are the constants. The values ofαin the equation fixed n=1.0 showed about 0.1 for the used samples

PD-L1 expression combined with microsatellite instability/CD8+tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as a useful prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer

While the importance of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), mutation burden caused by microsatellite instability (MSI), and CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has become evident, the significance of PD-L1 expression on prognosis still remains controversial. We evaluated the usefulness of combined markers of PD-L1 and MSI or CD8+ TILs as a prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer. A total of 283 patients with gastric cancer were reviewed retrospectively. PD-L1 expression on >5% tumor cells was defined as PD-L1-positive. PD-L1-positive rate was 15.5% (44/283). PD-L1 positivity was significantly correlated with invasive and advanced cancer and also significantly correlated with MSI, whereas no significance was observed with CD8+ TILs. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PD-L1 positivity significantly correlated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.0025). Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 positivity was an independent poor prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.97, p = 0.0106) along with diffuse histological type and lymph node metastases. Combinations of PD-L1 and MSI (HR: 2.18) or CD8+ TILs (HR: 2.57) were stronger predictive factors for prognosis than PD-L1 alone. In conclusion, combined markers of PD-L1 and MSI or CD8+ TILs may be more useful prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer, and better clarify the immune status of gastric cance

Prediction of common hepatic artery catheter insertion based on celiac trunk morphology

PURPOSEThis study aimed to predict the ability to insert a 4–5 French (Fr) catheter insertion with a guidewire into the common hepatic artery (CHA) based on celiac trunk morphology.METHODSThis retrospective study included 64 patients who underwent balloon-occluded transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (n = 56), transcatheter arterial chemotherapy (n = 2), or were fitted with an implantable port system (n = 6) between June 2019 and December 2019 in our institution. The morphology of the celiac trunk was classified into three types (upward, horizontal, and downward) based on celiac angiography. The aortic–celiac trunk angle was measured on sagittal images of preprocedural contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). We reviewed whether a 4–5-Fr shepherd’s hook catheter could advance beyond the CHA using a 0.035-inch guidewire (Radifocus® Guidewire M; Terumo). Three patients were diagnosed with median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) based on the characteristic hook shape of the celiac artery on sagittal images of contrast-enhanced CT. The predictive ability of celiac angiography and preprocedural CT for CHA insertion success was evaluated. In unsuccessful cases, the balloon anchor technique (BAT) was attempted as follows: (1) a 2.7/2.8-Fr microballoon catheter (Attendant Delta; Terumo) was placed beyond the proper hepatic artery, and (2) the balloon was inflated as an anchor for parent catheter advancement.RESULTSUpward, horizontal, and downward celiac trunk types were noted in 42, 9, and 13 patients, respectively. The median CT angle was 122.83° (first quartile–third quartile, 102.88°–136.55°). Insertion in the CHA using the guidewire was successful in 56 of 64 patients (87.50%), and the success rate in the downward type was significantly lower than that in the upward type [42/42 (100%) vs. 7/13 (53.85%), P < 0.001]. The CT angle was significantly larger downward in the unsuccessful group than in the successful group (121.03° vs. 140.70°, P = 0.043). Celiac angiography had a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) than preprocedural CT (AUC = 0.91 vs. AUC = 0.72, P = 0.040). All three cases of MALS showed unsuccessful CHA insertion. In all eight patients with unsuccessful insertion, the catheter could be advanced using the BAT [8/8 (100%)].CONCLUSIONCeliac angiography and preprocedural CT could predict CHA catheter insertion using a guidewire, and celiac angiography had high predictability. CT could detect MALS, a risk factor for unsuccessful CHA insertion