Revisiting Aire and tissue-restricted antigens at single-cell resolution

The thymus is a highly specialized organ that plays an indispensable role in the establishment of self-tolerance, a process characterized by the “education” of developing T-cells. To provide competent T-cells tolerant to self-antigens, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) orchestrate negative selection by ectopically expressing a wide range of genes, including various tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs). Notably, recent advancements in the high-throughput single-cell analysis have revealed remarkable heterogeneity in mTECs, giving us important clues for dissecting the mechanisms underlying TRA expression. We overview how recent single-cell studies have furthered our understanding of mTECs, with a focus on the role of Aire in inducing mTEC heterogeneity to encompass TRAs

山の根構造におけるレーリー波からラブ波への変換

Surface wave interconversion in the Tien Shan-like mountain range was investigated through numerical seismic wave simulations by the use of the --D finite difference method. The Tien Shan, located in the western part of the Lop Nor nuclear test site in Ch

Aire suppresses CTLA-4 expression from the thymic stroma to control autoimmunity

Impaired production of thymic regulatory T cells (Tregs) is implicated in the development of Aire-dependent autoimmunity. Because Tregs require agonistic T cell receptor stimuli by self-antigens to develop, reduced expression of self-antigens from medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) has been considered to play a major role in the reduced Treg production in Aire deficiency. Here, we show that mTECs abnormally express co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 if Aire is non-functional. Upon binding with CD80/CD86 ligands expressed on thymic dendritic cells (DCs), the ectopically expressed CTLA-4 from Aire-deficient mTECs removes the CD80/CD86 ligands from the DCs. This attenuates the ability of DCs to provide co-stimulatory signals and to present self-antigens transferred from mTECs, both of which are required for Treg production. Accordingly, impaired production of Tregs and organ-specific autoimmunity in Aire-deficient mice are rescued by the depletion of CTLA-4 expression from mTECs. Our studies illuminate the significance of mTEC-DC interaction coordinated by Aire for the establishment of thymic tolerance

Soft Tissues: Lipoblastoma with t(8;8)(q12;q12) RAB2A/PLAG1

Review on lipoblastoma with t(8;8)(q12;q12) RAB2A /PLAG1, with data on clinics, and the genes involved

Types of Active Learning in High School and Junior High School

The current paper sought to analyze policy trend of Active Learning, to clarify the practical purpose and issues on Active Learning, and describe types of Active Learning in high school and junior high school. The types of Active Learning is analyzed from three perspectives of reforms including school curriculum, teaching method, and learning method. For the practice by Active Learning, it will be the key issue on which perspective is emphasized

Soft Tissues: Lipoblastoma with t(2;8)(q31;q12.1) COL3A1/PLAG1

Review on lipoblastoma with t(2;8)(q31;q12.1) COL3A1/PLAG1, with data on clinics, and the genes involved