12 research outputs found
Spike Code Flow in Cultured Neuronal Networks
We observed spike trains produced by one-shot electrical stimulation with 8 × 8 multielectrodes in cultured neuronal networks. Each electrode accepted spikes from several neurons. We extracted the short codes from spike trains and obtained a code spectrum with a nominal time accuracy of 1%. We then constructed code flow maps as movies of the electrode array to observe the code flow of “1101” and “1011,” which are typical pseudorandom sequence such as that we often encountered in a literature and our experiments. They seemed to flow from one electrode to the neighboring one and maintained their shape to some extent. To quantify the flow, we calculated the “maximum cross-correlations” among neighboring electrodes, to find the direction of maximum flow of the codes with lengths less than 8. Normalized maximum cross-correlations were almost constant irrespective of code. Furthermore, if the spike trains were shuffled in interval orders or in electrodes, they became significantly small. Thus, the analysis suggested that local codes of approximately constant shape propagated and conveyed information across the network. Hence, the codes can serve as visible and trackable marks of propagating spike waves as well as evaluating information flow in the neuronal network
Feasibility of Multiplex Communication in a 2D Mesh Asynchronous Neural Network with Fluctuations
It remains a mystery how neural networks composed of neurons with fluctuating characteristics can reliably transmit information. In this study, we simulated a 9 × 9 2D mesh neural network consisting of an integrate-and-fire model without leak, and connection weights that were randomly generated. The characteristics of the refractory period and output delay of the neurons were fluctuated time to time. Spikes from transmitting neuron groups spread (propagated as spike waves) to receiving neurons. For 9 to 1 multiplex communication with a back propagation neural network (BPN), the receiving neurons successfully classified which neuron group transmitted the spike at a rate of 99%. In other words, the activity of the neuron group is propagated in the neural network as spike waves in a broadcasting manner and the wave fragment is received by receiving neurons. Next, point-to-point signal transmission in the neural network is carried out by multi-path, multiplex communication, and diversity reception. Each neuron can function in 3 ways of transmit, relay (transfer), and receive; however, most neurons act as a local relaying media. This type of mechanism is similar to sound propagation through air. Our research group studies the functions of neural networks by combining experiments with cultured neuronal networks with artificial neural network simulations. This current study corresponding to our previous work on the ability of remote receiving neurons to identify two transmitting neuron groups stimulated in a cultured neuronal network, i.e., 2 to 1 communication. These mechanisms may be the basis of higher cortical functions
Simulation of Spike Wave Propagation and Two-to-one Communication with Dynamic Time Warping
Although intercommunication among the different areas of the brain is well known, the rules of communication in the brain are not clear. Many previous studies have examined the firing patterns of neural networks in general, while we have examined the involvement of the firing patterns of neural networks in communication. In order to understand information processing in the brain, we simulated the interactions of the firing activities of a large number of neural networks in a 25 × 25 two-dimensional array for analyzing spike behavior. We stimulated the transmitting neurons at 0.1 msec. Then we observed the generated spike propagation for 120 msec. In addition, the positions of the firing neurons were determined with spike waves for different variances in the temporal fluctuations of the neuronal characteristics. These results suggested that for the changes (diversity) in the propagation routes of neuronal transmission resulted from variance in synaptic propagation delays and refractory periods. The simulation was used to examine differences in the percentages of neurons with significantly larger test statistics and the variances in the synaptic delay and refractory period. These results suggested that multiplex communication was more stable if the synaptic delay and refractory period varied
Learning Times Required to Identify the Stimulated Position and Shortening of Propagation Path by Hebb’s Rule in Neural Network
To deepen the understanding of the human brain, many researchers have created a new way of analyzing neural data. In many previous studies, researchers have examined neural networks from a macroscopic point of view, based on neuronal firing patterns. On the contrary, we have studied neural networks locally, in order to understand their communication strategies. To understand information processing in the brain, we simulated the firing activities of neural networks in a 9 × 9 two-dimensional neural network to analyze spike behavior. In this research study, we used two kinds of learning processes. As the main learning process, we implemented the learning process to identify the stimulated position. As the subsidiary one, we implemented Hebb’s learning rule which changes weight between neurons. Three channels with transmission and reception were preset, each of which has a different distance and direction. When all three channels succeeded in identifying the source stimulation in the receiving neuron group, it was regarded as an overall success and the learning was termed as successful. Furthermore, in order to see the effect of the second learning procedure, we elucidated the average of necessary learning times in each channel type and compared the firing propagation time of the first trial and an overall successful trial, in each channel. We found that the firing path after learning is shorter than the firing path before learning. Therefore, we deduced that Hebb’s rule contributes to shortening the firing path. Thus, Hebb’s rule contributes to speeding up communication in a neuronal network
Simulation of Code Spectrum and Code Flow of Cultured Neuronal Networks
It has been shown that, in cultured neuronal networks on a multielectrode, pseudorandom-like sequences (codes) are detected, and they flow with some spatial decay constant. Each cultured neuronal network is characterized by a specific spectrum curve. That is, we may consider the spectrum curve as a “signature” of its associated neuronal network that is dependent on the characteristics of neurons and network configuration, including the weight distribution. In the present study, we used an integrate-and-fire model of neurons with intrinsic and instantaneous fluctuations of characteristics for performing a simulation of a code spectrum from multielectrodes on a 2D mesh neural network. We showed that it is possible to estimate the characteristics of neurons such as the distribution of number of neurons around each electrode and their refractory periods. Although this process is a reverse problem and theoretically the solutions are not sufficiently guaranteed, the parameters seem to be consistent with those of neurons. That is, the proposed neural network model may adequately reflect the behavior of a cultured neuronal network. Furthermore, such prospect is discussed that code analysis will provide a base of communication within a neural network that will also create a base of natural intelligence
Effect of correlating adjacent neurons for identifying communications: Feasibility experiment in a cultured neuronal network
Neuronal networks have fluctuating characteristics, unlike the stable characteristics seen in computers. The underlying mechanisms that drive reliable communication among neuronal networks and their ability to perform intelligible tasks remain unknown. Recently, in an attempt to resolve this issue, we showed that stimulated neurons communicate via spikes that propagate temporally, in the form of spike trains. We named this phenomenon “spike wave propagation”. In these previous studies, using neural networks cultured from rat hippocampal neurons, we found that multiple neurons, e.g., 3 neurons, correlate to identify various spike wave propagations in a cultured neuronal network. Specifically, the number of classifiable neurons in the neuronal network increased through correlation of spike trains between current and adjacent neurons. Although we previously obtained similar findings through stimulation, here we report these observations on a physiological level. Considering that individual spike wave propagation corresponds to individual communication, a correlation between some adjacent neurons to improve the quality of communication classification in a neuronal network, similar to a diversity antenna, which is used to improve the quality of communication in artificial data communication systems, is suggested
Classification of Spike Wave Propagations in a Cultured Neuronal Network: Investigating a Brain Communication Mechanism
In brain information science, it is still unclear how multiple data can be stored and transmitted in ambiguously behaving neuronal networks. In the present study, we analyze the spatiotemporal propagation of spike trains in neuronal networks. Recently, spike propagation was observed functioning as a cluster of excitation waves (spike wave propagation) in cultured neuronal networks. We now assume that spike wave propagations are just events of communications in the brain. However, in reality, various spike wave propagations are generated in neuronal networks. Thus, there should be some mechanism to classify these spike wave propagations so that multiple communications in brain can be distinguished. To prove this assumption, we attempt to classify various spike wave propagations generated from different stimulated neurons using our original spatiotemporal pattern matching method for spike temporal patterns at each neuron in spike wave propagation in the cultured neuronal network. Based on the experimental results, it became clear that spike wave propagations have various temporal patterns from stimulated neurons. Therefore these stimulated neurons could be classified at several neurons away from the stimulated neurons. These are the classifiable neurons. Moreover, distribution of classifiable neurons in a network is also different when stimulated neurons generating spike wave propagations are different. These results suggest that distinct communications occur via multiple communication links and that classifiable neurons serve this function
Detection of M-Sequences from Spike Sequence in Neuronal Networks
In circuit theory, it is well known that a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) circuit generates pseudorandom bit sequences (PRBS), including an M-sequence with the maximum period of length. In this study, we tried to detect M-sequences known as a pseudorandom sequence generated by the LFSR circuit from time series patterns of stimulated action potentials. Stimulated action potentials were recorded from dissociated cultures of hippocampal neurons grown on a multielectrode array. We could find several M-sequences from a 3-stage LFSR circuit (M3). These results show the possibility of assembling LFSR circuits or its equivalent ones in a neuronal network. However, since the M3 pattern was composed of only four spike intervals, the possibility of an accidental detection was not zero. Then, we detected M-sequences from random spike sequences which were not generated from an LFSR circuit and compare the result with the number of M-sequences from the originally observed raster data. As a result, a significant difference was confirmed: a greater number of “0–1” reversed the 3-stage M-sequences occurred than would have accidentally be detected. This result suggests that some LFSR equivalent circuits are assembled in neuronal networks