Modelagem computacional do processo de gaseificação de borra de petróleo visando à geração de energia elétrica utilizando o software Aspen Plus™

The present work studies the gasification process of oily sludge from the refining and storage petroleum process, through a computer modeling that considers the chemical equilibrium and whose objective is to evaluate the production of producer gas and its potential use for electricity generation. For this purpose, four scenarios were considered for the thermochemical conversion of oily sludge, which differs in the gasification agent used, being air for scenario 1 (C1), oxygen for scenario 2 (C2), air/steam mixture for scenario 3 (C3) and oxygen/steam mixture for (C4). The results showed that the composition of the producer gas had the same behavior for C1, C2, and C3, with the molar fractions of CO and H2 increasing with the increase of equivalence ratio (ER) until reaching a maximum value and then decreased. In the case of C4 for all steam to oily sludge ratio (SOR) values analyzed, H2 decreased, CO remained constant and CH4 was almost zero for the whole range of RE studied. For a range of ER between 0.25 and 0.45, the producer gas yield increased from 0.81 to 1.15 Nm3 /kg oily sludge for C1, from 0.59 to 0.67 Nm3 /kg oily sludge for C2 and for mixtures with steam (C3 and C4) the highest yields were obtained for the SOR of 1.5. Meanwhile, the lower heating value (LHV) decreased when the ER increased from 0.25 to 0.45, from 5.69 to 3.44 MJ/Nm3 for C1, for C2 the change was from 8.64 to 6.81 MJ/Nm3 , in C3 varied from 4.79 to 3.17 MJ/Nm3 and for C4 from 6.97 to 5.98 MJ/Nm3 (SOR=0.5). The producer gases obtained in the four scenarios were fed to three prime movers (internal combustion engine, gas microturbine, and steam cycle) for electric generation. The internal combustion engine was the one that produced the highest electric power, being possible to obtain powers in the range between 335 and 183 kW when the producer gas obtained in the C4 with a SOR of 0.5 was used, while the gas microturbine has higher technical requirements to be operated with producer gas. Based on the properties of the producer gas, it is verified that oily sludge gasification could be a viable alternative for the treatment and energetic use of this residue.O presente trabalho estuda o processo de gaseificação de borra de petróleo oriundas do processo de refinação e armazenamento de petróleo, por meio de uma modelagem computacional que considera o equilíbrio químico e que cujo objetivo é avaliar a produção de gás de gaseificação e seu potencial uso para a geração de eletricidade. Para tal, foram considerados quatro cenários para a conversão termoquímica da borra, os quais se diferenciam pelo agente de gaseificação (AG) utilizado, sendo ar para o cenário 1 (C1), oxigênio para o cenário 2 (C2), mistura ar/vapor para o cenário 3 (C3) e mistura oxigênio/vapor para o (C4). Os resultados mostraram que a composição do gás de gaseificação teve o mesmo comportamento para os C1, C2 e C3, sendo que as frações molares de CO e H2 aumentaram com o incremento da razão de equivalência (RE) até atingir um valor máximo e posteriormente diminuíram. No caso do C4, para todos os valores de razão vapor/borra (VB) analisados o H2 diminuiu, o CO manteve-se constante e o CH4 foi quase zero para toda a faixa de RE estudada. Para uma faixa de RE entre 0,25 e 0,45, a produção específica do gás de gaseificação aumentou de 0,81 a 1,15 Nm3 /kg borra para o C1, de 0,59 a 0,67 de Nm3 /kg borra para o C2 e para as misturas com vapor (C3 e C4) as maiores produções específica do gás foram obtidas para a razão VB de 1,5. Por outro lado, o PCI diminuiu quando a RE aumentou de 0,25 a 0,45, passando de 5,69 a 3,44 MJ/Nm3 para o C1, para o C2 a mudança foi de 8,64 a 6,81 MJ/Nm3 , no C3 variou de 4,79 a 3,17 MJ/Nm3 e para o C4 passou de 6,97 a 5,98 MJ/Nm3 (VB=0,5). Os gases de gaseificação produzidos nos quatro cenários foram alimentados a três acionadores primários (motor de combustão interna, microturbina a gás e ciclo Rankine) visando à geração de energia elétrica. O motor de combustão interna foi o que produziu maiores potências elétricas, sendo possível obter potências na faixa entre 335 e 183 kW quando foi utilizado o gás produzido no C4 com uma VB de 0,5, enquanto que a microturbina a gás tem maiores requerimentos técnicos para ser acionada com gás de gaseificação. Com base nas propriedades do gás de gaseificação, constata-se que a gaseificação da borra de 7 petróleo poderia ser uma alternativa viável para o tratamento e aproveitamento energético desse resídu

Avaliação do aproveitamento energético da borra de petróleo através de um conjunto gaseificador / microturbina a gás

This work studies the gasification process of oil sludge (OS) through a computational model that considers the chemical equilibrium. The effect of the air/steam mixture as a gasifying agent on properties such as lower heating value (LHV), yield, and composition of the producer gas were analyzed. The results showed that the fraction of H2 in the producer gas, considering a steam/oil sludge ratio (SOR) of 1.5, increased with the increment of the equivalent ratio (ER) until reaching a maximum value (33.2% at an ER of 0.45) and subsequently decreased. For an ER ratio between 0.25 and 0.45, as well as a SOR of 1.5, the producer gas yield increased from 0.66 to 1.17 Nm3/kg OS, while the LHV decreased from 8.14 to 4.05 MJ/Nm3. The gases obtained in the gasification process were used to power a gas microturbine aiming electricity generation. The power produced ranged between 0.423 and 0.390 kWh/kg OS. Based on the properties of the producer gas, it has been found that OS gasification could be a technological alternative for the treatment and energy use of this waste.El presente trabajo estudia el proceso de gasificación de borra de petróleo (BP) a través de un modelo computacional que considera el equilibrio químico. Fue analizado el efecto de la mezcla aire/vapor como agente de gasificación sobre propiedades tales como poder calorífico inferior (PCI), producción específica y composición del gas de gasificación. Los resultados mostraron que la fracción de H2 en el gas de gasificación, considerando una razón vapor/borra (RVB) de 1,5, aumentó con el incremento de la razón de equivalencia (RE) hasta alcanzar un valor máximo (33,2% a una RE de 0,45) e posteriormente disminuyó. Para un rango de RE entre 0,25 y 0,45, así como una RVB de 1,5, la producción específica del gas de gasificación aumentó de 0,66 a 1,17 Nm3/kg BP, mientras que el PCI disminuyó de 8,14 a 4,05 MJ/Nm3. Los gases obtenidos en el proceso de gasificación fueron utilizados para accionar una microturbina a gas y generar electricidad. La potencia producida varió entre 0,420 e 0,393 kWh/kg BP. Con base en las propiedades del gas de gasificación, se constata que la gasificación de BP puede ser una alternativa tecnológica para el tratamiento y aprovechamiento energético de ese residuo.O presente trabalho estuda o processo de gaseificação de borra de petróleo (BP) através de um modelo computacional que considera o equilíbrio químico. Foi analisado o efeito da mistura ar/vapor como agente de gaseificação sobre propriedades tais como poder calorífico inferior (PCI), produção específica e composição do gás de gaseificação. Os resultados mostraram que a fração de H2 no gás de gaseificação, considerando uma razão vapor/borra (RVB) de 1,5, aumentou com o aumento da razão de equivalência (RE) até atingir um valor máximo (33,2% a uma RE de 0,45) e posteriormente diminuiu. Para uma faixa de RE entre 0,25 e 0,45, bem como uma RVB de 1,5, a produção específica do gás de gaseificação diminuiu de 0,66 a 1,17 Nm3/kg BP, enquanto que o PCI diminuiu de 8,14 a 4,05 MJ/Nm3. Os gases obtidos no processo de gaseificação foram utilizados para acionar uma microturbina a gás e gerar eletricidade. A potência produzida variou entre 0,423 e 0,390 kWh/kg BP. Com base nas propriedades do gás de gaseificação, constata-se que a gaseificação de BP pode ser uma alternativa tecnológica para o tratamento e aproveitamento energético deste resíduo

Environmental assessment of pyrolysis in biorefineries based on palm oil wastes

The oil palm industry is one of the largest producers of residual biomass, leading to environmental and economic concerns. For this reason, the concept of biorefinery is emerging as a means to create new ways of converting biomass into new types of renewable products bioenergetics that can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases. In this context, this document presents a study that consisting of a biorefinery configuration in a Palm Oil Mill (POM), considering the fast pyrolysis process to produce bio-oil and biochar, and an extraction / trans-esterification stage to produce biodiesel and glycerin in the POM. The environmental impacts associated with a production process of a biorefinery system were calculated using the life cycle assessment methodology through the IMPACT 2002+ method, which analyzes the environmental impacts in four categories of damage (human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources). Therefore, to produce bio-oil, biodiesel and electricity were obtained 52 mPt, 120 mPt and 127 mPt of total impacts, respectively, demonstrating that the fast pyrolysis process to obtain bio-oil it does not generate considerably high environmental impacts compared with the other products obtained in the biorefinery in any of the categories of damage assessed

Avaliação econômica e do potencial energético do biogás de aterro em Campinas - SP

The need in the use of renewable energy added to the problem of collection and final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in large urban areas shows the importance of the correct management of this waste. In this context, the use of the gases generated from the degradation of these wastes is essential. In the present work an estimation is made for the biogas production as well as the economic feasibility of the use of the s biogas generated in a landfill and a composting yard sized for the city of Campinas - SP, between the years of 2018 and 2038. Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) and the Waste Reduction Model were used to estimate the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Three scenarios were analyzed using the WARM method and scenario 3 was the one that presented the greatest GHG emission reduction and the second-best scenario in terms of energy consumption. Also, the LandGEM estimated the production of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. The amount of biogas generated for the 20 years of production was 934,872,000 m3, corresponding to the life of the landfill. The study shows that an installed power of 4MW results in the installation of a financially viable enterprise to generate electricity with different dolar values that varies between R$2.80 to R$5.80. In addition, the environmental advantages are the reduction in GHG emissions and the contribution to an effective management of municipal solid waste in large urban areas.La necesidad de un mayor número de alternativas energéticas limpias sumadas a la problemática de la colecta y disposición final de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) de los grandes centros urbanos, muestra la importancia de la gestión de estos residuos. En este contexto, es fundamental el aprovechamiento de los gases generados en el aterramiento de esos residuos. En el presente trabajo es realizada una estimativa para la producción de biogás bien como el análisis de la viabilidad económica de la utilización del mismo biogás generado en un aterro y un patio de compostaje dimensionados para la ciudad de Campinas – SP, entre los años 2018 y 2038. Para el análisis de las emisiones proveniente de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) se utilizó el modelo de las emisiones de gas de aterro sanitario, en inglés Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM), y el modelo de reducción de residuos, en inglés Waste Reduction Model (WARM). En el WARM fueron analizados tres escenarios, siendo que el escenario C3 presentó una mayor reducción de emisiones de GEI y fue la mejor segunda opción para el consumo energético. El LandGEM posibilitó una estimativa en la producción de metano (CH4), de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y de otros gases. La cantidad de biogás generada para los 20 años de producción fue de 934,872,000 m3, correspondiendo a la vida útil del aterro. El estudio de viabilidad económica para una potencia instalada de 4MW y considerando diferentes escenarios con el precio del dólar variando entre $2.80 a R$$5.80, mostró que la ejecución del proyecto es rentable. Con relación a las ventajas ambientales están la reducción en las emisiones de GEI e la contribución directa para una efectiva gestión de los residuos sólidos en grandes centros urbanosA necessidade de um maior número de alternativas energéticas limpas somadas à problemática da coleta e disposição final dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) dos grandes centros urbanos, mostra a importância da gestão destes resíduos. Neste contexto, é fundamental o aproveitamento dos gases gerados no aterramento desses resíduos. No presente trabalho é realizada uma estimativa para a produção de biogás bem como a análise da viabilidade econômica da utilização do mesmo biogás gerado em um aterro e um patio de compostagem dimensionados para a cidade de Campinas – SP, entre os anos 2018 e 2038. Para a análise das emissões provenientes dos Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) utilizou-se o modelo de emissões de gás de aterro sanitário, em inglês Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM), e o modelo de redução de resíduos, em inglês Waste Reduction Model  (WARM).  No WARM foram analisados três cenários, sendo que o cenário C3 apresentou a maior redução de emissões de GEE e foi a segunda melhor opção para o consumo energético. O LandGEM possibilitou uma estimativa na produção de metano (CH4), de dióxido de carbono (CO2) e outros gases. A quantidade de biogás gerada para os anos 20 anos de produção foi de 934,872,000 m3, correspondendo à vida útil do aterro. O estudo de viabilidade econômica para uma potência instalada de 4MW e considerando diferentes cenários com o preço do dólar variando entre R$2.80 a R$$5.80, mostrou que a execução do projeto é rentável. Com relação às vantagens ambientais estão a redução nas emissões de GEE e a contribuição direta para uma efetiva gestão dos resíduos sólidos em grandes centros urbanos

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Techno-Economic Assessment of Producer Gas from Heavy Oil and Biomass Co-Gasification Aiming Electricity Generation in Rankine Cycle

Heavy oil and biomass co-gasification has been analyzed through a model developed in Aspen Plus™ v 11.0 software. The model was used to assess main gasification parameters, such as cold gas efficiency, yield, low heating value (LHV), and producer gas composition, using air and oxygen as gasification agents. Subsequently, producer gas energy use in the Rankine cycle was performed using a model developed in GateCycle™ v11.1.2.4.850 software. Likewise, the economic indicators of the integrated Rankine cycle-gasification system were calculated. The economic evaluation was developed through Monte Carlo simulation using Crystalball™. The results showed a LHV producer gas decreasing trend as the equivalence ratio (ER) increased, oscillating between 6.37 and 3.63 MJ/Nm3 for ER values greater than 0.30 in the air co-gasification case, while the scenario that used oxygen presented better LHV results, ranging from 9.40 to 11.79 MJ/Nm3. For air co-gasification, the Rankine cycle efficiency range was between 13.0% and 9.5%, while for oxygen co-gasification, values between 14.0% and 13.2% were obtained. Regarding the economic assessment, the two scenarios evaluated (with a reliability of 95%) have a probability higher than 92.1% of economic losses due mainly to the lower electrical power and the local electricity rate

Impacto de una Herramienta Pedagógica en el Proceso de Enseñanza de la Energía Solar Térmica

This study presents the results of the implementation of a theoretical-practical guide to students of Master program in Energy management assigned to the Universidad del Atlántico, to develop a set of cognitive skills in solar thermal energy. There is also a detailed the results of the students’ performance in terms of standardized quality criteria, a population of 15 students was considered in total, both for the control andthe experimental group, obtaining by means of the application of a T-Test with a confidence level of 5%, that guide as a pedagogical tool if it has a significant impact on the performance of the students of the experimental group who if used the guide for the development of laboratory experience, obtaining excellent averages results for the criteria of clarity (4.45), relevance (4.92) and precision (4.78).En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la implementación de una guía teóricapráctica a los estudiantes del programa de Maestría en Gestión Energética adscrito a la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad del Atlántico, con el fin de desarrollar un conjunto de habilidades cognitivas en el área de la energía solar térmica. Se presentan los resultados del desempeño de los estudiantes en términos de unos criterios estandarizados de calidad, considerando una población de 15 estudiantes en total, tanto para el grupo control como para el grupo experimental, obteniendo mediante la aplicación de una prueba t con un nivel de confianza del 5%, que la guía como herramienta pedagógica si tiene un impacto significativo en el desempeño de los estudiantes del grupo experimental quienes utilizaron la guía para el desarrollo de la experiencia de laboratorio, obteniendo resultados promedios excelentes para los criterios de claridad (4.45), pertinencia (4.92) y precisión (4.78)

Environmental and Energetic Evaluation of Refuse-Derived Fuel Gasification for Electricity Generation

In this work, an energetic and environmental evaluation of the electricity generation process through refuse-derived fuel (RDF) gasification coupled to a gas microturbine (GM) was performed. Two scenarios are considered with different gasification agents in RDF gasification modeling: air and air enriched with oxygen. A thermodynamic chemical equilibrium approach was used to analyze the gasification parameters. The results of RDF gasification indicate a maximum value of syngas low heating value (LHV) equal to 8.0 MJ/Nm3, obtained for an equivalence ratio of 0.3. The use of these syngas in the gas microturbine produces 79.6 kW of electrical power. For the environmental evaluation of gasification and electricity generation systems, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology was employed. The calculated environmental impacts indicate that the emission of contaminants from fossil fuel combustion (in the stage of transport by heavy load vehicles) and that the electricity consumption for equipment operation (in the stage of municipal solid waste pretreatment) contributes to environmental pollution. On the other hand, electricity generation through GM presented lower environmental impact for all analyzed categories, suggesting that the electricity generation from gas obtained from gasification could be a viable option for thermochemical conversion of RDF and its subsequent energetic use