Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis for Classification of Water Molecules in Wood by a Theory of Water Mixtures

This study was conducted to analyze the mechanism of moisture adsorption-desorption in wood using near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy. NIR spectra reflected from moist wood were acquired, and spectra in the range from 1800-2100 nm, which were sensitive to water variation, were decomposed into three different components according to the Buijs and Choppin theory. It is assumed that the three components represent three types of bound water: water molecules without -OH groups engaged in hydrogen bonds (S0), water molecules with one -OH group engaged in a hydrogen bond (S1), and water molecules with two -OH groups engaged in hydrogen bonds (S2). Ratios of the decomposed spectra of NIR absorbed by each type of water molecule were analyzed during changes in water adsorption-desorption states. Through this analysis, a sorption model for predicting the structural state of each water component in wood was constructed. This model may be used to explain the effect of each water component on the occurrence of hysteresis as well as the transient state between bound water and free water. Based on the model, it was concluded that the monomolecular water layer in yellow poplar wood formed below approximately 8% MC during adsorption. Additionally, the phenomenon of hysteresis was demonstrated by the difference between the ratios of the S2 components in desorption and adsorption

Economic and Ecological Impacts of Adjusting the Age-Class Structure in Korean Forests: Application of Constraint on the Period-to-Period Variation in Timber Production for Long-Term Forest Management

South Korea’s successful reforestation efforts over the past 50 years have led to abundant forest resources. However, intensive reforestation during the 1970s and 1980s skewed the forests’ age distribution towards forest stands aged 30 years or older, which results in an unbalanced distribution of age-class, requiring redistribution with harvest and effective regeneration plans to produce a sustained yield of timber as well as long term ecological benefits. During this conversion process, variations in timber production can occur, causing economic and ecological risks if excessive. To prevent these likely risks, permissible levels of increase and decrease in timber production can be restricted in the planning phase. In determining the appropriate variation rate in timber production, it is necessary to understand the impacts of variation in timber production on forest management. This study performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the economic and ecological impacts of constraining the period-to-period variation in timber production. A multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) forest management planning model was utilized to study forests in Mt. Gari, South Korea. Nine management alternatives were set with different levels of variation rate in timber production and further constraints. The total volume and net present value (NPV) of timber production, carbon storage, and water storage were analyzed for each alternative. As timber production variation rates decreased, the amount of timber production increased and forest carbon storage decreased; furthermore, NPV diminished as variation constraints strengthened. These differences were mainly caused by selection of regeneration species according to the constraint on variation in timber production. If the variation rate was strictly restricted, the area of timber species with short rotation age increased during conversion period, in order to reduce the gap of timber production between periods. At the latter part of planning horizon, the area of broad-leaved trees was enlarged as the burden of adjusting age-class structure reduced. The appropriate variation rate in timber production was determined to be 30%, based on considerations regarding the economic and ecological impact of the variation on the forest

Economic and Ecological Impacts of Adjusting the Age-Class Structure in Korean Forests: Application of Constraint on the Period-to-Period Variation in Timber Production for Long-Term Forest Management

South Korea's successful reforestation efforts over the past 50 years have led to abundant forest resources. However, intensive reforestation during the 1970s and 1980s skewed the forests' age distribution towards forest stands aged 30 years or older, which results in an unbalanced distribution of age-class, requiring redistribution with harvest and effective regeneration plans to produce a sustained yield of timber as well as long term ecological benefits. During this conversion process, variations in timber production can occur, causing economic and ecological risks if excessive. To prevent these likely risks, permissible levels of increase and decrease in timber production can be restricted in the planning phase. In determining the appropriate variation rate in timber production, it is necessary to understand the impacts of variation in timber production on forest management. This study performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the economic and ecological impacts of constraining the period-to-period variation in timber production. A multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) forest management planning model was utilized to study forests in Mt. Gari, South Korea. Nine management alternatives were set with different levels of variation rate in timber production and further constraints. The total volume and net present value (NPV) of timber production, carbon storage, and water storage were analyzed for each alternative. As timber production variation rates decreased, the amount of timber production increased and forest carbon storage decreased; furthermore, NPV diminished as variation constraints strengthened. These differences were mainly caused by selection of regeneration species according to the constraint on variation in timber production. If the variation rate was strictly restricted, the area of timber species with short rotation age increased during conversion period, in order to reduce the gap of timber production between periods. At the latter part of planning horizon, the area of broad-leaved trees was enlarged as the burden of adjusting age-class structure reduced. The appropriate variation rate in timber production was determined to be 30%, based on considerations regarding the economic and ecological impact of the variation on the forest.Y