High Bandwidth and Highly Available Packet Buffer Design Using Multi-Retention Time MRAM

Significant challenges are posed in the design of routers and switches by the explosive growth of internet traffic and the stringent requirements for high availability in the research area of computer networks. Ensuring both high performance and system availability is crucial. To achieve this, recent advancements have turned to the utilization of non-volatile memories, such as magnetic RAM (MRAM) and phase-change memory (PCM), in routing lookup tables and packet buffers of routers and switches. However, the use of non-volatile memories show limitations in scaling with respect to bandwidth and capacity. With the increasing clock speed of the IO bus, high-capacity memories like PCM exhibit limited scalability in performance since accessing the cells in the array does not show significant improvement. Meanwhile, attempts to enhance the capacity of low-access-latency non-volatile memories like spin-transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) through smaller cell sizes result in an adverse impact on the write time. The goal of this study is to design a packet buffer that can provide high bandwidth and ensure high availability. To achieve this, a multi-retention time MRAM-based packet buffer is presented, along with a packet mapping method, which aims to overcome the scalability challenge while ensuring high availability. The two-tier packet buffer (TT-PB) structure implements a small/fast MRAM combined with a large/slow MRAM, which outperforms the baseline MRAM/PCM hybrid memory-based packet buffer by up to 16% and 58% for 1.6 and 3.2 GHz IO bus clocks. For input, internet-mix packet traffic is utilized to depict realistic internet traffic. Moreover, the proposed latency-aware multi-retention time MRAM-based packet buffer structure (MR-PB) consists of short and long retention time MRAM partitions. It identifies the buffering latency demands of various packets and writes the packets into partitions that have sufficient retention time to accommodate the required buffering latencies, thereby achieving an optimal write latency for each packet. With this scheme, an additional speedup of up to 5.27% is achieved over TT-PB

Collaborative Vision-Based Precision Monitoring of Tiny Eel Larvae in a Water Tank

This paper proposes a novel monitoring system in which two cameras installed outside the water tank collaborate to photograph eel larvae for tracking and analysis. Long-term and periodic observations of fish can provide important information about their life. However, fresh eel larvae have a tiny and transparent body, making it difficult to observe and track them through optical vision. To address this problem, we proposed a monitoring system that uses a fixed high-resolution camera to observe the entire breeding tank and a telecentric zoom camera on a Cartesian robot to track and observe a single larva. In addition, the collaborative vision-based object search method helps the zoom camera to capture photographs of the tiny larvae. We verified the method by placing several 3D plastic models similar to eel larvae in the water tank at predetermined locations. We then conducted an experiment using actual larvae and were able to obtain videos of the larvae. Subsequently, we analyzed the videos to obtain the population estimation, shape, and size of the larvae. As a result, we established a novel eel larva monitoring system and conducted actual larva-monitoring experiments.11Ysciescopu