China?s Trade Imbalances: The Role of FDI

China has been running a large trade surplus with the rest of the world, particularly with the USA and EU. This has caused considerable diplomatic tensions and tremendous pressure on the Chinese currency. Existing analytical studies, however, mostly focus on real exchange rate and income as determinants of China?s trade imbalances. Little attention has been given to the role of inflow and outflow of foreign direct investment (FDI). The purpose of this paper is to fill in this gap in the literature by adding FDI to China?s trade balance model. Fitting aggregate annual data from 1979 to 2007 to SURE (Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations) and later ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags) models, we find that although outflow FDI does not play an important role in determining Chinese trade flows and trade balance, inflow FDI contribute significantly to Chinese exports and thus its trade surplus with the rest of the world. Interestingly, devaluation of the Chinese currency Yuan is found not to affect Chinese trade balance. We also find that both Chinese income and the income of the world play important roles in Chinese trade imbalance. Finally, we find that Chinese trade imbalance is stable.China, trade balance, FDI, real effective exchange rate

HOW STABLE IS THE DEMAND FOR MONEY IN CHINA?

Different authors have tried to estimate the demand for money in different countries. A common theme of almost all studies since 1987 is the application of cointegration technique. The demand for money in China is no exception and has received some attention by researchers. However, finding of cointegration has been interpreted as a sign of constancy of parameter estimates. In this paper we employ CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests in conjunction with cointegration analysis to show that both M1 and M2 are cointegrated with their determinants. The results of stability tests reveal that while M1 money demand in China is stable, there is some doubt about stability of M2 money demand.Money Demand, China, Bounds Testing, Stability

Quantitative analysis of co-enzyme a in a plant tissues and cancer biomarkers in urine samples by using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Despite continuous effort and progress in cancer detection and therapy, cancer remains one of our greatest health concerns because of its low survival rate and rapid incidence increase. One reason for this is the late detection and therefore pre-cancer diagnosis is crucial. In pre-cancer studies, cancer biomarkers become significant because of the useful information it contains such as possible cancer type and stage. Separation and detection technique plays an important role in cancer biomarker identification. Coenzyme A (CoA) facilitates more than 100 chemical reactions in cells. Because of its low abundance accumulated in cells, it is critical to develop a sensitive method to detect CoA compounds in biological samples in order to study it as a cofactor. The valuable characteristics of capillary electrophoresis (CE), such as rapid analysis, high separation efficiency and minimal consumption of sample and buffer solutions, make it a unique analytical technique. The combination of the high specificity and sensitivity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with the high separation ability of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) facilitates the sensitive and specific analysis in complex matrices like urine and blood. In this body of work, new methods were developed using CE-UV, CE-LIF and HPLC-MS/MS to determine modified nucleosides, CoAs, and sarcosine, proline, kynurenine, uracil and glycerol-3-phosphate. These methods were applied to measure the above mentioned analytes in either urine samples or cell extracts and proved to be simple, fast, reliable and powerful. Based on these newly developed methods, cancer biomarker screening is undertaken and new biomarkers will be identified --Abstract, page iv

Switching and Rectification of a Single Light-sensitive Diarylethene Molecule Sandwiched between Graphene Nanoribbons

The 'open' and 'closed' isomers of the diarylethene molecule that can be converted between each other upon photo-excitation are found to have drastically different current-voltage characteristics when sandwiched between two graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). More importantly, when one GNR is metallic and another one is semiconducting, strong rectification behavior of the 'closed' diarylethene isomer with the rectification ratio >10^3 is observed. The surprisingly high rectification ratio originates from the band gap of GNR and the bias-dependent variation of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the diarylethene molecule, the combination of which completely shuts off the current at positive biases. Results presented in this paper may form the basis for a new class of molecular electronic devices.Comment: The Journal of Chemical Physics 135 (2011