コクサイカ ジダイ ニオケル カンジン シュギロン ノ イデオロギーセイ

国際化の進展により日本人の対外国文化及び外国人との接触が急増すると、「(欧米人に対する) 日本人とは何か?」という疑問が再び起こりだした。これは国際化時代に適応される日本人のアイデンティティの樹立を促す刺激に働きかけた。これに当たるために日本的集団主義と名づけられた間人主義(contextualism)が主張された。だが間人主義論は、日本文化の独自性を強調し過ぎ、異文化(特に欧米文化)に対する「排他性」、人類文明の危機を克服するために優越な日本文化を世界へ拡散すべきだという「拡張性」を帯びるようになった。さらに、日本文化の独自性と優越性とを主張する根拠が非客観的であり、「作為性」をも呈している。このような三つの側面から間人主義論は旧本の国際化時代に似合うイデオロギー性を内包しているといえる。だが、今まで出ている日本文化論のイデオロギー性の研究には拡張性ついての言及はほとんど見えなく、大方、作為性と排他性とに焦点が合わされている。作為性と排他性という枠組みは、日本が国内的問題に眼を向けていた高度経済成長期における日本文化論のイデオロギー性に対する分析の枠組みとしては有効であったが、国際化時代における日本文化論の持つイデオロギー性を説明するのには十分ではないと思われる。日本において国際化時代の文化的意味が欧米近代文明の限界を強調し、その解決策として日本文化を国際化するところにあるといえば、日本文化の世界への拡散という拡張性を抜きにして、間人主義論のイデオロギー性を明らかにするのは不可能である。したがって、本文では作為性・排他性・拡張性という観点から国際化時代の間人主義論のもつイデオロギー性を分析した。In line with the increasing contacts of the Japanese people with the foreign cultures and people amid internationalization, there has again risen to the surface the question "Who are the Japanese (as compared to the Europeans)?" This question mark is a stimulus to setting up the identity of the Japanese adaptable to the age of internationalization. In answer to this demand, the contextualism generally known as a Japanese version of collectivism has been argued for. But an essay of the contextualism puts too much emphasis on the idiosyncrasy of Japanese culture and thus includes exclusiveness over other cultures, especially European culture, going so far as to argue for the expansion of superior Japanese culture so as to overcome the crisis of human civilization. In addition, the arguments for the idiosyncrasy and superiority are unscientific and artificial. In these respects, that is, exclusiveness, expansiveness, and artificiality, an essay of the contextualism takes on an ideological character corresponding to the age of Japanese internationalization. So far, however, most of the analyses on the ideological character of Japanese culture have focused on the artificiality and exclusiveness, but the ideological character of Japanese culture cannot be fully explained without bringing in the expansiveness of Japanese culture. Hence, this paper deals with the ideological character of an essay of the contextualism in the age of internationalization from the three points of the view, i. e. artificiality, exclusiveness and expansiveness

Structural and histological characterization of oviductal magnum and lectin-binding patterns in Gallus domesticus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although chicken oviduct is a useful model and target tissue for reproductive biology and transgenesis, little is known because of the highly specific hormonal regulation and the lack of fundamental researches, including lectin-binding activities and glycobiology. Because lectin is attached to secreted glycoproteins, we hypothesized that lectin could be bound to secretory egg-white proteins, and played a crucial role in the generation of egg-white protein in the oviduct. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the structural, histological and lectin-binding characteristics of the chicken oviductal magnum from juvenile and adult hens.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The oviductal magnums from juvenile and adult hens were prepared for ultrastructural analysis, qRT-PCR and immunostaining. Immunohistochemistry of anti-ovalbumin, anti-ESR1 and anti-PGR, and mRNA expression of egg-white genes and steroid hormone receptor genes were evaluated. Lectin histochemical staining was also conducted in juvenile and adult oviductal magnum tissues.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The ultrastructural analysis showed that ciliated cells were rarely developed on luminal surface in juvenile magnum, but not tubular gland cells. In adult magnum, two types of epithelium and three types of tubular gland cells were observed. qRT-PCR analysis showed that egg-white genes were highly expressed in adult oviduct compared with the juvenile. However, mRNA expressions of <it>ESR1 </it>and <it>PGR </it>were considerably higher in juvenile oviduct than adult (<it>P </it>< 0.05). The immunohistochemical analysis showed that anti-ovalbumin antibody was detected in adult oviduct not in juvenile, unlikely anti-ESR1 and anti-PGR antibodies that were stained in both oviducts. In histological analysis, Toluidine blue was stained in juvenile and adult oviductal epithelia, and adult tubular glands located in the outer layer of oviductal magnum. In contrast, PAS was positive only in adult oviductal tubular gland. Lectins were selectively bound to oviductal epithelium, stroma, and tubular gland cells. Particularly, lectin-ConA and WGA were bound to electron-dense secretory granules in tubular gland.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The observation of ultrastructural analysis, mRNA expression, immunohistochemistry and lectin staining showed structural and physiological characterization of juvenile and adult oviductal magnum. Consequently, oviduct study could be helped to <it>in vitro </it>culture of chicken oviductal cells, to develop epithelial or tubular gland cell-specific markers, and to understand female reproductive biology and endocrinology.</p

Erratum: Nation-Wide Korean Breast Cancer Data from 2008 Using the Breast Cancer Registration Program

nation-wide breast cancer data and analyzed the data using their online registration program biannually. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of Korean breast cancer from 2008 and examine chronological based patterns. Methods: Data were collected from 38 medical schools (67 hospitals), 20 general hospitals, and 10 private clinics. The data on the total number, gender, and age distribution were collected through a questionnaire as well as other detailed data analyzed via the online registration program. Results: In 2008, there were 13,908 patients who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer. The crude incidence rate of female breast cancer was 57.3 among 100,000 and the median age was 49 years. The age distribution had not changed since the initial survey; however the proportion of postmenopausal patients had increased and median age was older than the past. In staging distribution, the proportion of early breast cancer (stage 0, I) was 47.2 % with, breast-conserving surgery performed in 58 % and mastectomy in 39.5%. Conclusion: Compared to past data, the incidence of breast cancer in Korea continues to rise. Furthermore, the proportion of those detected by screening and breast conservation surgery has increased remarkably. To understand the patterns of Korean breast cancer, the nation-wide data should continuously investigated

Enhanced immune response with foot and mouth disease virus VP1 and interleukin-1 fusion genes

The capsid of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus carries the epitopes that are critical for inducing the immune response. In an attempt to enhance the specific immune response, plasmid DNA was constructed to express VP1/interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and precursor capsid (P1) in combination with 2A (P1-2A)/IL-1α under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediateearly promoter and intron. After DNA transfection into MA104 (monkey kidney) cells, Western blotting and an immunofluorescence assay were used to confirm the expression of VP1 or P1-2A and IL-1α. Mice were inoculated with the encoding plasmids via the intradermal route, and the IgG1 and IgG2a levels were used to determine the immune responses. These results show that although the immunized groups did not carry a high level of neutralizing antibodies, the plasmids encoding the VP1/IL-1α, and P1-2A/IL-1α fused genes were effective in inducing an enhanced immune response

Development of Barley Cultivars for Animal Forage in Korea

In Korea, the domestic consumption of barley as a cereal crop has been decreasing since the 1980s. It has been considered that crop production in the winter-season rice fields could enhance the global competitiveness of domestic livestock industry by providing better quality fodder to livestock and enhancing field use rate. Therefore, the purpose of barley cultivation for cereal food production has been recently replaced by the production of the barley for forage use. Consequently, the area of barley cultivation for forage is markedly increasing in Korea. While any type of barley can be used as forage for feeding cattle, whole crop barley delivers a higher dry matter yield than conventional feed barley. This paper described the present state of forage barley cultivars developed in Korea

In Vivo

Platycodin D is a major pharmacological constituent of Platycodi radix and has showed various pharmacological activities through oxidative stress defense mechanisms. Here, possible antitumor, anticachexia, and immunomodulatory activities of platycodin D were observed on the H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice after confirming the in vitro cytotoxicity. Platycodin D was orally administered at dose levels of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg, once a day for 35 days from 15 days after implantation. The results were compared with gemcitabine 160 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated mice (7-day intervals). Platycodin D showed favorable cytotoxic effects on the H520 cells, and also dose-dependently decreased the tumor volumes and weights with increases of apoptotic cells (caspase-3 and PARP immunopositive cells), iNOS and TNF-α immunoreactivities, decreases of COX-2 immunoreactivities in tumor masses. Platycodin D also showed dose-dependent immunostimulatory and anticachexia effects. Gemcitabine showed favorable cytotoxity against H520 tumor cell and related in vivo antitumor effects but aggravated the cancer related cachexia and immunosuppress in H520 tumor cell-bearing athymic nude mice. Taken together, it is considered that oral treatment of platycodin D has potent antitumor activities on H520 cells through direct cytotoxic effects, increases of apoptosis in tumor cells, and immunostimulatory effects and can be control cancer related cachexia

Characterization of White Electroluminescent Devices Fabricated Using Conjugated Polymer Blends

We report the characterization of white light emitting devices fabricated using conjugated polymer blends. Blue emissive poly[9,9-bis(4'-n-octyloxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-co-10-(2'-ethylhexyl)phenothiazine-3,7-diyl] [poly(BOPF-co-PTZ)] and red emissive poly(2-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) were used in the blends. The inefficient energy transfer between these blue and red light emitting polymers (previously deduced from the photoluminscence (PL) spectra of the blend films) enables the production of white light emission through control of the blend ratio. The PL and electroluminescence (EL) emission spectra of the blend systems were found to vary with the blend ratio. The EL devices were fabricated in the indium tin oxide [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)] (ITO/PEDOT-PSS)blend/LiF/Al configuration, and white light emission was obtained for one of the tested blend ratios