Quantum Mechanics 0.4

บทคัดย่อ   บทความนี้กล่าวถึงความคิดรวบยอดและหลักการต่างๆ ที่จำเป็นเพื่อจะได้เข้าใจวิชากลศาสตร์ควอนตัมในระดับเบื้องต้น ที่เหมาะสำหรับคนทั่วไป โดยได้อธิบายเรื่องฟังก์ชันคลื่น ทวิภาพของคลื่นและอนุภาค ความหมายของแมวชโรดิงเจอร์ โอกาสความเป็นไปได้ หลักความไม่แน่นอน การซ้อนทับ ความพัวพัน และอื่นๆ เพราะธรรมชาติของวิชากลศาสตร์ควอนตัมที่แปลกและประหลาดนี้ขัดแย้งกับสามัญสำนึกของคนทั่วไป ดังนั้นเราจึงต้องเข้าใจความหมายของคณิตศาสตร์ที่ใช้ เพื่อจะได้เข้าใจวิธีคิด บทความนี้ได้ประวัติความเป็นมาประมวลการแปลความหมาย และภาพของเหตุการณ์ในจินตนาการ เพื่อให้ผู้อ่านเข้าใจสมบัติที่ประหลาดและเหลือเชื่อของทฤษฎีนี้   คำสำคัญ: กลศาสตร์ควอนตัม ทวิภาพของคลื่น-อนุภาค หลักความไม่แน่นอน การซ้อนทับ ความพัวพัน ABSTRACT All the concepts and principles necessary to understand quantum mechanics on an initial level are given in a form suitable for the general non-expert. The concepts explained include visualizing the wave function, wave-particle duality, the implications of Schrödinger’s cat, probability, the uncertainly principle, superposition, entanglement, and others. Because of the strange non-intuitive nature of quantum mechanics, one must understand the interpretations of its mathematics before one can properly understand these concepts. Thus the paper is organized around histories, interpretations, conceptual pictures that explain the peculiar properties of the theory   Keywords: Quantum mechanics, Wave-particle duality, Uncertainty principle, Superposition entanglemen

Effect of density of state on isotope effect exponent of two-band superconductors

The exact formula of Tc's equation and the isotope effect exponent of two-band s-wave superconductors in weak-coupling limit are derived by considering the influence of two kinds of density of state : constant and van Hove singularity. The pairing interaction in each band consisted of 2 parts : the electron-phonon interaction and non-electron-phonon interaction are included in our model. We find that the interband interaction of electron-phonon show more effect on isotope exponent than the intraband interaction and the isotope effect exponent with constant density of state can fit to an experimental data,MgB2, and high-Tc superconductors, better than van Hove singularity density of state.Comment: 11 pages. accepted in Physica

Analisis Manajemen Modal Kerja ( Studi Kasus Pada PT Bank Tabungan Negara Tbk)

Working capital management contains two meanings, namely gross working capital which is the total of current assets and net working capital as the difference between current assets less current liabilities. The goal of working capital management is to manage current assets to guarantee the amount of net working capital are acceptable which assure the level of liquidity of the enterprise.The purpose of research is to find out how the implementation of working capital management at the State Savings Bank Tbk branch of Manado. The method used is descriptive method using a quantitative approach to the analysis of financial statements, data and data sources obtained from PT. Bank Tabungan Negara, Tbk Branch Manado.The results showed that, Ratio of Total Assets to net working capital pads in 2013 amounted to 9.089 and in 2014 amounted to 12.959. This indicates that the ratio of total assets to working capital secured by current assets and current liabilities; Ratio Current Liabilities towards working capital PT. Bank Tabungan Negara, Tbk in 2013 amounted to 8.288 and pads in 2014 amounted to 11.865. This shows that the ratio of Current Liabilities PT. Bank Tabungan Negara, Tbk is stable; Working Capital Turnover Ratio (Revenues to net working capital ratio) in 2013 amounted to 8.008 and in 2014 amounted to 10.941. That means there are increased every year from 2013 to 2014 by a margin of 2.933. This increase was due to an increase in net working capital.It is recommended that PT. Bank Tabungan Negara, Tbk Branch Manado always pay attention to working capital management in particular has always perform financial statement analysis, among others, the calculation; total assets to net working capital ratio, current liabilities to net working capital ratio, working capital to net revenues ratio, so that the bank's management to answer the challenges of the banking world today is increasingly complex. Also regarding the employee's performance and strategy planning and development resources to the challenges the banking world today is increasingly complex, it is necessary diperhatkan by the Bank management

Hc2 of anisotropy two-band superconductors by Ginzburg-Landau approach

The purpose of this research is to study the upper critical field (Hc2) of two-band superconductors by two-band Ginzburg - Landau approach. The analytical formula of Hc2 included anisotropy of order parameter and anisotropy of effective-mass are found . The parameters of the upper critical field in ab-plane and c-axis can be found by fitting to the experimental data . Finally, we can find the ratio of upper critical field that temperature dependent in the range of experimental result .Comment: 10 pages. accepted by Physica

The Chao Phraya delta : historical development, dynamics and challenges of Thailand's rice bowl

In Thailand, since the first epidemics in 1958, there has been a global upward trend in incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), an acute and severe form of dengue virus infection, which remains a major public health concern. The dengue is due to an arbovirus mainly transmitted by #Aedes aegypti$, a mosquito living close to human communities. The intensity of the transmission (i.e. number of cases and speed of the spread of the disease) is dependant on the number of vectors, the serotype of the virus, the herd immunity and the environment. In the Central Plain of Thailand despite an apparent very homogenous environment (altitude, climate, type of agriculture) the incidence of DHF exhibits strong variations at the province and sub-province levels. A Geographical Information System using epidemiological data, as well as information about the land-use, demography, geography, climate has been built to identify indicators likely to help to describe areas and periods at risk for dengue transmission. A particular approach is focusing on the structure of the urban environment, the main field for dengue transmission. Different degrees and types of urbanisation appear to be linked to different intensities of dengue transmission. The main output of this study will be a method to describe areas at risk for high level of transmission and to forecast epidemic periods allowing a quick launch of dengue control activities. This study developed in the Central Plain of Thailand will be extended to other parts of the country and the same methods may be applied to similar environments in other countries where the dengue is endemic. (Résumé d'auteur

Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) Terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan dan Gambaran Histologi Pankreas

Diabetes is a chronic disease caused by impaired insulin secretion. WHO has emphasized the use of ethnomedicine for diabetes control. More than 1200 plants have been traditionally used for hypoglycemic effects, of which 800 plants have been scientifically reported to have antidiabetic potential, one of which is clove. Previous research stated that the total flavonoid content in clove leaves was 73.08 mgRE/g extract with a percentage of 7.308%. These flavonoids are thought to be antidiabetic agents. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of clove leaf ethanol extract and histology of the pancreas of the test rats.       Clove leaf simplicia powder was extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol as solvent. Antidiabetic testing of clove leaf ethanol extract using alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kgBW.      The results showed that clove leaf extract had antidiabetic activity. The percentage decrease in blood sugar levels extract dose 100; 200 and 300 mg/kgBW were 55.61%, 64.06%, and 73.06% and the positive control was 65.83%. The results of histology observations of the pancreas of mice in the negative control group showed that the structure of the islets of Langerhans changed, shrank, irregular, and degenerated cells and pyknosis were found. While the treatment group that was induced by alloxan and given clove leaf extract doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW and the positive control showed a clear structure of the islets of Langerhans, more cell mass, cells regenerated and no cells that experienced degeneration and pyknosis were found. The conclusion of this study is that clove leaf extract can reduce blood sugar levels with an effective dose of 300 mg/kgBB and clove leaf extract can improve pancreatic islets of Langerhans cells.  Diabetes merupakan penyakit kronis yang diakibatkan oleh kerusakan atau gangguan sekresi  insulin. WHO telah menekankan pada penggunaan etnomedisin untuk pengendalian diabetes. Lebih dari 1200 tanaman telah digunakan secara tradisional untuk efek hipoglikemik, di mana 800 tanaman telah dilaporkan secara ilmiah memiliki potensi antidiabetes, salah satunya adalah cengkeh. Penelitian terdahulu, menyatakan bahwa kandungan flavonoid total yang terdapat pada daun cengkeh sebesar 73,08 mgRE/g ekstrak dengan persentase 7,308%. Flavonoid inilah yang diduga sebagai agen antidiabetes. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas antidiabetes ekstrak etanol daun cengkeh dan gambaran histologi pankreas tikus uji. Serbuk simplisia daun cengkeh diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Pengujian antidiabetes ekstrak etanol daun cengkeh menggunakan aloksan dosis 150 mg/kgBB. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ekstrak daun cengkeh mempunyai aktivitas antidiabetes. Persentase penurunan kadar gula darah ekstrak dosis 100; 200 dan 300 mg/kgBB adalah 55,61%, 64,06%, dan 73,06% dan kontrol positif sebesar 65,83%. Hasil pengamatan histologi pankeas tikus uji kelompok kontrol negatif menunjukan struktur pulau langerhans yang mengalami perubahan, mengecil, tidak beraturan, serta ditemukannya sel-sel yang mengalami degenerasi dan piknosis. Sedangkan kelompok perlakuan yang diinduksi aloksan dan diberi ekstrak daun cengkeh dosis 100, 200, dan 300 mg/kgBB dan kontrol positif menunjukan struktur pulau langerhans jelas, massa sel yang lebih banyak, sel mengalami regenerasi dan tidak ditemukannya sel yang mengalami degenerasi dan piknosis. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak daun cengkeh dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah dengan dosis efektif 300 mg/kgBB dan ekstrak daun cengkeh mampu memperbaiki sel-sel pulau langerhans pankreas. &nbsp