The motivational bias of cortisol release during gum chewing.

<p>The subjects were asked to chew a palatable (TO-gum, positive motivational outcome) and unpalatable (SL-gum, negative motivational outcome) gum. A: The visual analogue scale of odour B: The visual analogue scale of taste C: Total saliva volume D: Cortisol concentration Statistical significance was <i>P</i> <0.05, according to Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.</p

Time course of chewing-associated cortisol release.

<p>The salivary cortisol concentration was measured at seven different stages (N = 12), which are described as follows: rest (before chewing), chewing (during chewing), immediately after chewing, and 10, 20, 30, and 60 min after chewing of taste and odour gum (TO-gum). Error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. There was a significant difference in salivary cortisol concentrations at rest and those during gum chewing. *: vs. rest (<i>P</i> < 0.008 [0.05/6]), according to Friedman tests followed by Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons.</p

CONSORT flow diagram.

<p>CONSORT flow diagram.</p

Temporal profiles of averaged (N = 25) hemodynamic changes in the left and right hemispheres measured by TCD (A) and NIRS (B–D) during chewing of three different gums.

<p>In (A), the data obtained during putting the TO-gum on the tongue are also superimposed as gray lines. In the NIRS signals (B–D), ΔO₂Hb is shown in (B), ΔHHb in (C), and ΔcHb in (D). Data are represented as mean ± SEM every 1 min. A bold bar in each panel indicates the duration of the gum-chewing test. Statistical comparisons were performed between the control value (i.e., before chewing) and the value measured at each time point. Significant differences are represented by individual symbols: *, control vs. TO-gum; ^†, control vs. T-gum; ^$, control vs. C-gum. Statistically significant levels were set at P = 0.005 ( = 0.05/10) by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons.</p

Summaries of Visual Analog Scales (VAS) of taste (A) and odor (B) of tested gums (N = 25).

<p>Each scale ranged from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The boxes are constructed with the top line bounding the first-quartile and the bottom line bounding the third quartile. The horizontal line and the dot in the box indicate the median and mean values, respectively. The short horizontal lines show the largest and smallest values. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. C-gum (purple): the gum with no taste and no odor (control), T-gum (blue): the gum with the sweet taste only, and TO-gum (red): the gum with sweet taste and lemon odor.</p

Additional file 3: of New paste for severe stomatitis in patients undergoing head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with oral appliance

Clinical trial results to date. (DOCX 19 kb

Time-lapse analysis showing morphological changes and movement of FASN knockdown LNCaP cells.

<p>Data indicate images in control-RNAi cells (A) and FASN-RNAi 3128 cells (B). Images were taken every 6 h for 5 days. White arrowheads indicate an example of the formation of pseudopodia, spindle-shaped morphology, and active cell migration in control-RNAi cells. Black arrowheads indicate an example of the deficient formation of pseudopodia, round morphology, and low activity of cell migration in the FASN-RNAi 3128 cells.</p

Biodistribution of [1-¹⁴C]acetate and <i>in vivo</i> PET imaging with [1-¹¹C]acetate in tumor xenograft-bearing mice.

<p>(A) Biodistribution at 10 min and 30 min in organs (left) and each tumor (right). Data represents %ID/g, expressed as means ± SD. The groups with different alphabets are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05). (B) Small-animal PET images of [1-¹¹C]acetate at 30 min after injection. Yellow arrows indicate tumors. S = stomach; L = liver.</p

Effects of FASN inhibition by RNAi in FASN-expressing LNCaP cells.

<p>FASN-RNAi 3128 and 3129 cells and control-RNAi cells were used. (A) Relative expression of FASN, analyzed by Western blotting analysis (left) and uptake of [1-¹⁴C]acetate (right). (B) Cell proliferation over 7 days (upper, left). Light microscopy images (upper, right). Relative migration and invasion potential in FASN-RNAi cells, as compared with control-RNAi cells (lower, left and right, respectively). Values from six independent experiments are shown. Data are expressed as means ± SD. The groups with different alphabets are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Schematic view of this study.

<p>The functions of FASN in tumors, mechanism of FASN inhibition, and method for applying [1-¹¹C]acetate PET as a predictor of outcome of FASN-targeted therapies are shown.</p