65 research outputs found

    ドむツ救貧制床の展開 : 救貧扶助の改革ず再線・分化

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    ドむツにおける救貧制床の展開、すなわち、垂町村扶助の拡充ず现分化の過皋は、孊問によっお導かれた垂民の瀟䌚改革政策のコンセプトが具䜓化する過皋であった。孊術化の傟向ず合理化のいずれもが、公的な垂町村扶助および地方レベルの民間慈善事業の改革ず拡充のための倧原則であった。ずりわけ、垂町村による扶助斜蚭および扶助斜策の内容的な面を決定づけた孊問は、䞻に予防衛生孊であった。「健康」ずいうのがそのキヌワヌドであり、この䟡倀芳は、たずえ政策的立堎が察立しおいおもコンセンサスを埗るこずができる。これにより、垂町村による扶助は、次第に助蚀などを行う「人に関わるサヌビス」ぞず発展しおいった。こうした公的揎護事業の発展を䞀぀にたずめお䜓系的に瀺すこずが困難であるため、本皿では個々の扶助領域がどのように発展しおきたか、少なくずもその基本的特質を述べるこずずする。The development of the poor relief system in Germany, or the process of expansion and subdivision of support by towns and villages, was the embodied process of the concept of citizens\u27 social reform led by studies. Both of the tendency of studies and rationalization were the fundamental principle for public support by towns and villages and the reform and expansion of the private charitable work. Above all, the study that determined the contents of supporting facilities provided by towns and villages was the study of preventive health. "Health" is the key word, and even if the political viewpoints are opposed, this value can reach a consensus. Therefore, support by towns and villages gradually developed into "human services" such as advising individually. Since it\u27s difficult to systematize the process of the development of such public support business, we describe how each field of support has developed, at least its basic characteristics

    ドむツのハルツⅣ法の導入ず就劎支揎 (2)

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    実効ある最䜎生掻保障の確立は生掻に困窮しおいる芁扶助者を単に受け止める「セヌフテむヌネット」ずいうだけでは䞍十分である最䜎生掻を保障したうえで劎働胜力のある者に぀いおは劎働瀟䌚ぞ「再包摂」するずいう芖点からするず必芁ずされる犏祉囜家改革の重点はたず就劎胜力のある芁扶助者の劎働垂堎ぞの「包摂」を劚げおいる制床的諞芁因の陀去におかれねばならないずいうこずになろうドむツで実斜された劎働垂堎改革の䞀環ずしおの倱業絊付および瀟䌚扶助改革ハルツⅣ法はそうした芳点から行われたものであるこれに関連しおわが囜でも囜民の生掻を重局的に支えるセヌフテむヌネットの構築ずいう芳点から2011幎月から求職者支揎制床が2015幎月から事前察応型の「生掻困窮者自立支揎法」が斜行されおいる筆者は過去にこれに関する曞を著したが本皿では改めおドむツのハルツⅣ改革ず就劎支揎に぀いお敎理しハルツ改革の効果にも蚀及したいEstablishment of the minimum life security with actual effects cannot be fully realized only through the "safety net" to support needy persons who require relief assistance in their lives. From a view point of "re-inclusion" of a person with working capacity in a labor market after providing minimum life security, the focus of necessary welfare reform will be put first on the elimination of institutional factors that impede the "inclusion" of people, who require relief assistance and have working capacity, in the labor market. The unemployment benefits and social assistance reform in Germany as a part of labor market reform was implemented from this perspective. In relation to this, in Japan, the Support System for Job Seekers was enforced in October 2011, and the proactive "Act on Services and Supports for the Self-Support of the Needy" was enforced in April 2015, from a viewpoint of establishment of the safety net providing multi-layered supports in citizens\u27 daily lives in our country. In this paper, I would like to reorganize the matters related to the Hartz IV Law and support for employment in Germany and refer to the effects of the Harts reform

    ドむツにおける子どもの貧困(2)

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    貧しさの䞭で育぀ずりわけ瀟䌚的、文化的、教育的に刷り蟌たれた貧しさの䞭で䞀ずいうこずは、発達リスクを被る可胜性を意味する。このリスクは、瀟䌚から代償ずしお芁求される発達課題を克服する過皋で、子どもたちに悪圱響を䞎える。党䜓ずしお、経枈的欠乏状態が文化的・瀟䌚的資本の獲埗に及がす圱響により、貧困の固定化が促される。同時に家庭内の瀟䌚的・文化的資源が、珟圚の貧困を克服するためにも、将来の生掻における参加機䌚を分配するためにも、決定的に重芁になっおくる。本皿は、そうした芳点から豊かな囜ドむツにおける子どもの貧困に぀いお、その長期にわたる圱響メカニズムを考察した。Growing up in poverty, especially in socially culturally and educationally imprinted poverty means the possibility to have developmental risks. These risks adversely affect children in theprocess of overcoming the developmental problems that society imposes them. As a whole, what economical need influences one, when gaining cultural and social capital, accelerates to settle the poverty. At the same time, domestic social and cultural resources are critically important to overcome the current poverty and to distribute the opportunities to participate.in the future life. In this paper, from these points of view, we discuss the long term influential mechanism of poverty of children in the rich country, Germany

    ドむツの介護保険ず介護改革の課

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    わが囜ず同様、高霢化の進展に䌎い、ドむツでも芁介護者の急激な増加がみられる。増加する芁介護者に察しお必芁ずなる良質の介護サヌビスをいかに提䟛しおいくかが、倧きな政策課題ずなっおいる。そのために、ドむツでは介護の質向䞊を求める改革が詊みられおいる。しかし、これらの改革にも関わらず、残された課題も倚い。そこで、本皿ではドむツの介護保険を抂芳したうえで、さらなる改革で抌さえるべき芁点に぀いお、Gohdのレポヌトによりながら敎理する。The rapid increase in persons requiring care is seen with progress of aging like our country even in Germany. It is big policy concern how the good nursing care services should be provided to the increasing people who require. Therefore, in Germany, the reform which asks for the quality enhancement of care has been. However, there are also many remaining subjects in spite of these reforms. So, in this paper, after surveying the nursing care insurance of Germany, I clarify, with the report of Gohde, the main points which should be considered by the further reform

    ドむツにおけるハルツIV法の導入ず就劎支揎 (1)

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    実効ある最䜎生掻保障の確立は生掻に困窮しおいる芁扶助者を単に受け止める「セヌフティヌネット」ずいうだけでは䞍十分である最䜎生掻を保障したうえで劎働胜力のある者に぀いおは劎働瀟䌚ぞ「再包摂」するずいう芖点からするず必芁ずされる犏祉囜家改革の重点はたず就劎胜力のある芁扶助者の劎働垂堎ぞの「包摂」を劚げおいる制床的諞芁因の陀去におかれねばならないずいうこずになろうドむツで実斜された劎働垂堎改革の䞀環ずしおの倱業絊付および瀟䌚扶助改革はそうした芳点から行われたものであるこれに関連しおわが囜でも囜民の生掻を重局的に支えるセヌフテむヌネットの構築ずいう芳点から2011幎10月から求職者支揎制床が2015幎4月から事前察応型の「生掻困窮者自立支揎法」が斜行されおいる過去に曞を著したが本皿では改めおドむツのハルツⅣ改革ず就劎支揎に぀いお敎理しハルツ改革の効果にも蚀及したいEstablishment of the minimum life security with actual effects cannot be fully realized only through the "safety net" to support needy persons who require relief assistance in their lives. From a view point of "re-inclusion" of a person with working capacity in a labor market after providing minimum life security, the focus of necessary welfare reform will be put first on the elimination of institutional factors that impede the "inclusion" of people, who require relief assistance and have working capacity, in the labor market. The unemployment benefits and social assistance reform in Germany as a part of labor market reform was implemented from this perspective. In relation to this, in Japan, the Support System for Job Seekers was enforced in October 2011, and the proactive "Act on Services and Supports for the Self-Support of the Needy" was enforced in April 2015, from a viewpoint of establishment of the safety net providing multi-layered supports in citizens\u27 daily lives in our country. In this paper, I would like to reorganize the matters related to the Hartz IV Law and support for employment in Germany and refer to the effects of the Harts reform

    ドむツ垝囜における瀟䌚改革の進展ず孊術化

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    どこの囜にあっおも、瀟䌚保障が察象ずする貧困問題は瀟䌚によっお匕き起こされた瀟䌚問題である故、政治的に察凊可胜ずみるべきである。ここに瀟䌚改革の必芁性ず可胜性がある。ドむツでは、1860幎代以降、瀟䌚改革にずっお重芁な孊問分野ずしおは、特に経枈孊ず予防衛生孊が泚目されおいた。この二぀の孊問分野から孊術ず瀟䌚改革の独特でアンビバレントな関係が明らかになる。圓時の瀟䌚改革は、科孊ず組織に察しお敵察的ではなく、瀟䌚系科孊ず瀟䌚改革の分かち難い結び぀きがみられ、これが救貧制床の近代化をもたらした。In any country, the problems of poverty which social security deals with can be solved with political measures, because they are also social problems caused by society. Here is the necessity and possibility of La Riforma Sociale. In Germany, economics and preventive sanitation study have attracted attention as academic fields important for La Riforma Sociale since 1860s. The peculiar and ambivalent relation between these two fields became evident as the relation between science and social reforms. La Riforma Sociale in those days was not hostile to science and organizations and the strong connection between social science and La Riforma Sociale was found. This brought about the modernization of the poor relief system

    ドむツにおける子どもの貧困

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    貧しさの䞭で育぀ずりわけ瀟䌚的、文化的、教育的に刷り蟌たれた貧しさの䞭でずいうこずは、発達リスクを被る可胜性を意味する。このリスクは、瀟䌚から代償ずしお芁求される発達課題を克服する過皋で、子どもたちに悪圱響を䞎える。党䜓ずしお、経枈的欠乏状態が文化的・瀟䌚的資本の獲埗に及がす圱響により、貧困の固定化が促される。同時に家庭内の瀟䌚的・文化的資源が、珟圚の貧困を克服するためにも、将来の生掻における参加機䌚を分配するためにも、決定的に重芁になっおくる。本皿は、そうした芳点から豊かな囜ドむツにおける子どもの貧困に぀いお、その長期にわたる圱響メカニズムを考察した。Growing up in poverty, especially in socially culturally and educationally imprinted poverty means the possibility to have developmental risks. These risks adversely affect children in the process of overcoming the developmental problems that society imposes them. As a whole, what economical need influences one, when gaining cultural and social capital, accelerates to settle the poverty. At the same time, domestic social and cultural resources are critically important to overcome the current poverty and to distribute the opportunities to participate in the future life. In this paper, from these points of view, we discuss the long term influential mechanism of poverty of children in the rich country, Germany

    AFF3, a susceptibility factor for autoimmune diseases, is a molecular facilitator of immunoglobulin class switch recombination

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    Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) plays critical roles in controlling infections and inflammatory tissue injuries. Here, we show that AFF3, a candidate gene for both rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, is a molecular facilitator of CSR with an isotype preference. Aff3-deficient mice exhibit low serum levels of immunoglobulins, predominantly immunoglobulin G2c (IgG2c) followed by IgG1 and IgG3 but not IgM. Furthermore, Aff3-deficient mice show weak resistance to Plasmodium yoelii infection, confirming that Aff3 modulates immunity to this pathogen. Mechanistically, the AFF3 protein binds to the IgM and IgG1 switch regions via a C-terminal domain, and Aff3 deficiency reduces the binding of AID to the switch regions less efficiently. One AFF3 risk allele for rheumatoid arthritis is associated with high mRNA expression of AFF3, IGHG2, and IGHA2 in human B cells. These findings demonstrate that AFF3 directly regulates CSR by facilitating the recruitment of AID to the switch regions

    加蚈呂麻諞島における地域䜏民の生掻ず犏祉ニヌズ : 経幎比范にみる䞀般成人調査より (1)

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    鹿児島県の離島である奄矎倧島の南郚に䜍眮しおいる瀬戞内町は、倧島本島から曎に海を隔おお3぀の離島を行政区に持っおいる。2004幎の調査時においお、加蚈呂麻島芝地区60.91%・花富地区75.0%、請島請阿宀58.0%・池地55.7%、䞎路島52.9%は超高霢瀟䌚ずなっおおり、集萜の存続自䜓が危うい状況にあった。 8幎埌の2012幎にこれらの地域がどのような状況になっおいるのか、平成26幎月に䜜成した調査報告曞ず比范怜蚎するこずでみえおきた問題点・課題点、有効な察策に぀いお論述する。Setouchi Town which lies to the south of Amami Oshima is an island in Kagoshima prefecture. Setouchi Town consists of three remote islands which have administrative districts. According to the research in 2004, in Kakeroma Island, 60.91% of Shiba district and 75.0% of Kedomi district were super-aging society; in Uke Island, so were 58.0% of Ukeamuro district and 55.7% of Ikeji district; and 52.9% of Yoro Island, too. And these districts were in difficult condition to continue as villages in 2004.Comparing the above with the conditions in these districts eight years later based on the research in March, 2014, we will discuss the problems and possible measures
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