Quantum-Noise Theory for Terahertz Hot Electron Bolometer Mixers

Abstract In this paper we first review general quantum mechanical limits on the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers. The main aim of the paper is to explore the quantum noise properties of Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixers. HEB mixers have a characteristic feature not found in other mixers: based on the hot-spot model, the conversion loss varies along the length dimension of the bolometer, and some sections of the bolometer are essentially passive, in which little frequency conversion occurs. We analyze a quantitative distributed quantum noise model of the HEB mixer, making use of simulated hot spot model data, that takes into account the continuous variation of the sensitivity along the bolometer bridge. An expression for the HEB receiver noise temperature, including optical input loss, is derived. We find that the predicted DSB receiver noise temperature agrees well with the available measured data (up to 5.3 THz). The results of our analysis suggest that quantum noise and classical HEB noise contribute about equally at 3 THz while at higher terahertz frequencies quantum noise dominates. Quantum noise thus appears to show measurable effects in existing HEB mixers, and will be even more important to take into account as HEB mixers continue to be developed for higher terahertz frequencies

Quantum-Noise Theory for Terahertz Hot Electron Bolometer Mixers

Abstract— In this paper we first review general quantum mechanical limits on the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers. The main aim of the paper is to explore the quantum noise properties of Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixers. HEB mixers have a characteristic feature not found in other mixers: based on the “hot-spot” model, the conversion loss varies along the length dimension of the bolometer, and some sections of the bolometer are essentially passive, in which little frequency conversion occurs. We analyze a quantitative distributed quantum noise model of the HEB mixer, making use of simulated hot spot model data, that takes into account the continuous variation of the sensitivity along the bolometer bridge. An expression for the HEB receiver noise temperature, including optical input loss, is derived. We find that the predicted DSB receiver noise temperature agrees well with the available measured data (up to 5.3 THz). The results of our analysis suggest that quantum noise and classical HEB noise contribute about equally at 3 THz while at higher terahertz frequencies quantum noise dominates. Quantum noise thus appears to show measurable effects in existing HEB mixers, and will be even more important to take into account as HEB mixers continue to be developed for higher terahertz frequencies

Quantum noise contribution to NbN hot electron bolometer receiver

Abstract— Superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are so far the most sensitive detectors forheterodyne spectroscopy in the frequency range between 1.5 THz and 5 THz. To reach the ultimate receiver noisetemperatures in the high end of the THz range (3-6 THz), it is crucial to understand their fundamental noise contributionfrom different origins. With increasing frequency, the classical output noise contribution should remain unchanged, butthe quantum noise contribution is expected to play an increasing role [1].This paper reports the first dedicated experiment using a single NbN HEB mixer at a number of local oscillatorfrequencies between 1.6 to 4.3 THz to address and quantify the contribution of the quantum noise to the receiver noisetemperature.We used a spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer with a bolometer size of 2 μm 70.2 μm. In order to minimizeuncertainties in the corrections of the optical losses, we use a vacuum hot/cold load setup [2] to eliminate the air loss, andan uncoated elliptical Si lens. Although other components, a 3 μm Mylar beam splitter and a QMC heat filter, alsointroduce frequency dependent optical losses, they can be accurately calibrated. Furthermore, to reduce uncertainties inthe data, we measure Y-factors responding to the hot/cold load by fixing the voltage, but varying the LO power [2]. AsLO, we use a FIR gas laser.We measure the Y-factor at the optimal point at different frequencies by only varying LO frequencies, but keepingthe rest exactly the same. We obtain DSB receiver noise temperatures, which are 842 K (at 1.6 THz), 845 K (1.9 THz), 974K (2.5 THz) and 1372 K (4.3 THz). After the correction for the losses of the QMC filter and the beam splitter, the noisedata show a linear increase with increasing frequency.Using a quantum noise model [1] for HEB mixers and using a criterion for which the classical output noise must beconstant at different frequencies, we analyze the results and find the excess quantum noise factor β to be around 2 andthat 24 % of the total receiver noise temperature at 4.3 THz (at the input of the entire receiver) can be ascribed toquantum noise. Clearly the quantum noise has a small but measurable effect on the receiver noise temperature at thisfrequency.We are still analyzing different alternatives of interpretation for the mismatch loss between the bolometer andthe spiral antenna.[1] E. L. Kollberg and K. S. Yngvesson, “Quantum-noise theory for terahertz hot electron bolometer mixers,” IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory and Techniques, 54, 2077, 2006.[2] P. Khosropanah, J.R. Gao, W.M. Laauwen, M. Hajenius and T.M. Klapwijk, “Low noise NbN hot-electron bolometer mixerat 4.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 221111, 2007

Quantum noise contribution to NbN hot electron bolometer receiver

Abstract— Superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are so far the most sensitive detectors forheterodyne spectroscopy in the frequency range between 1.5 THz and 5 THz. To reach the ultimate receiver noisetemperatures in the high end of the THz range (3-6 THz), it is crucial to understand their fundamental noise contributionfrom different origins. With increasing frequency, the classical output noise contribution should remain unchanged, butthe quantum noise contribution is expected to play an increasing role [1].This paper reports the first dedicated experiment using a single NbN HEB mixer at a number of local oscillatorfrequencies between 1.6 to 4.3 THz to address and quantify the contribution of the quantum noise to the receiver noisetemperature.We used a spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer with a bolometer size of 2 μm 70.2 μm. In order to minimizeuncertainties in the corrections of the optical losses, we use a vacuum hot/cold load setup [2] to eliminate the air loss, andan uncoated elliptical Si lens. Although other components, a 3 μm Mylar beam splitter and a QMC heat filter, alsointroduce frequency dependent optical losses, they can be accurately calibrated. Furthermore, to reduce uncertainties inthe data, we measure Y-factors responding to the hot/cold load by fixing the voltage, but varying the LO power [2]. AsLO, we use a FIR gas laser.We measure the Y-factor at the optimal point at different frequencies by only varying LO frequencies, but keepingthe rest exactly the same. We obtain DSB receiver noise temperatures, which are 842 K (at 1.6 THz), 845 K (1.9 THz), 974K (2.5 THz) and 1372 K (4.3 THz). After the correction for the losses of the QMC filter and the beam splitter, the noisedata show a linear increase with increasing frequency.Using a quantum noise model [1] for HEB mixers and using a criterion for which the classical output noise must beconstant at different frequencies, we analyze the results and find the excess quantum noise factor β to be around 2 andthat 24 % of the total receiver noise temperature at 4.3 THz (at the input of the entire receiver) can be ascribed toquantum noise. Clearly the quantum noise has a small but measurable effect on the receiver noise temperature at thisfrequency.We are still analyzing different alternatives of interpretation for the mismatch loss between the bolometer andthe spiral antenna.[1] E. L. Kollberg and K. S. Yngvesson, “Quantum-noise theory for terahertz hot electron bolometer mixers,” IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory and Techniques, 54, 2077, 2006.[2] P. Khosropanah, J.R. Gao, W.M. Laauwen, M. Hajenius and T.M. Klapwijk, “Low noise NbN hot-electron bolometer mixerat 4.3 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 221111, 2007