453 research outputs found
On the equivalence of the Nernst theorem and its consequence
One general consequence of the Nernst theorem is derived, i.e., the various
heat capacities of a thermodynamic system under different constraints approach
zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The temperature dependence of
the heat capacity of any thermodynamic system at ultra-low temperatures is
revealed through this consequence. Moreover, the general form and the simplest
expression of the heat capacities of thermodynamic systems at ultra-low
temperatures are deduced. Some significant discussion and results are given.
One new research method is provided by using this consequence. Finally, the
equivalence between the Nernst theorem and its consequence is rigorously
proved, so that this consequence may be referred to another description of the
third law of thermodynamics
A Frustratingly Easy Plug-and-Play Detection-and-Reasoning Module for Chinese Spelling Check
In recent years, Chinese Spelling Check (CSC) has been greatly improved by
designing task-specific pre-training methods or introducing auxiliary tasks,
which mostly solve this task in an end-to-end fashion. In this paper, we
propose to decompose the CSC workflow into detection, reasoning, and searching
subtasks so that the rich external knowledge about the Chinese language can be
leveraged more directly and efficiently. Specifically, we design a
plug-and-play detection-and-reasoning module that is compatible with existing
SOTA non-autoregressive CSC models to further boost their performance. We find
that the detection-and-reasoning module trained for one model can also benefit
other models. We also study the primary interpretability provided by the task
decomposition. Extensive experiments and detailed analyses demonstrate the
effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed module.Comment: Accepted for publication in Findings of EMNLP 202
Optimal design of sand blown wind tunnel
This work investigates the airflow driven by dual axial-flow fans in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnel and the expected entrainment of sand movement together. The present study is conducted via 3D numerical simulation based on modelling the entire wind tunnel, including the power fan sections. Three configurations of dual fans in the tunnel are proposed. Simulation results show that the airflow in the tunnel with dual-fan configuration can satisfy the logarithmic distribution law for ABL flows. The airflow driven by the dual fans placed together at the tunnel outlet is highly similar to that in the tunnel with single fans. Although the boundary layer thickness is reduced, the maximum airflow velocity (53.393 m/s) and turbulence intensity (12.02%), which are respectively 1.75 and 1.49 times higher than those under the single-fan configuration, can be reached when dual fans are separately placed at the tunnel inlet and outlet. The simulation and experiment manifest that the separated arrangement of dual fans in the tunnel should be suitable for the experimental study of aeolian sand transport. Some measures, such as wind tunnel construction adjustment and optimal roughness element arrangement, are necessary to guarantee the required boundary layer thickness in the wind tunnel
4,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenoxy)phthalonitrile
The title compound, C22H16N2O4, was obtained unintentionally as the product of an attempted synthesis of a new phthalocyanine. The dihedral angles formed by the central benzene ring with the aromatic rings of the methoxyphenoxy groups are 85.39 (5) and 64.19 (5)°
Retrieval-Augmented Meta Learning for Low-Resource Text Classification
Meta learning have achieved promising performance in low-resource text
classification which aims to identify target classes with knowledge transferred
from source classes with sets of small tasks named episodes. However, due to
the limited training data in the meta-learning scenario and the inherent
properties of parameterized neural networks, poor generalization performance
has become a pressing problem that needs to be addressed. To deal with this
issue, we propose a meta-learning based method called Retrieval-Augmented Meta
Learning(RAML). It not only uses parameterization for inference but also
retrieves non-parametric knowledge from an external corpus to make inferences,
which greatly alleviates the problem of poor generalization performance caused
by the lack of diverse training data in meta-learning. This method differs from
previous models that solely rely on parameters, as it explicitly emphasizes the
importance of non-parametric knowledge, aiming to strike a balance between
parameterized neural networks and non-parametric knowledge. The model is
required to determine which knowledge to access and utilize during inference.
Additionally, our multi-view passages fusion network module can effectively and
efficiently integrate the retrieved information into low-resource
classification task. The extensive experiments demonstrate that RAML
significantly outperforms current SOTA low-resource text classification models.Comment: Under Revie
Contextual Similarity is More Valuable than Character Similarity: Curriculum Learning for Chinese Spell Checking
Chinese Spell Checking (CSC) task aims to detect and correct Chinese spelling
errors. In recent years, related researches focus on introducing the character
similarity from confusion set to enhance the CSC models, ignoring the context
of characters that contain richer information. To make better use of contextual
similarity, we propose a simple yet effective curriculum learning framework for
the CSC task. With the help of our designed model-agnostic framework, existing
CSC models will be trained from easy to difficult as humans learn Chinese
characters and achieve further performance improvements. Extensive experiments
and detailed analyses on widely used SIGHAN datasets show that our method
outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods
Prompt Learning With Knowledge Memorizing Prototypes For Generalized Few-Shot Intent Detection
Generalized Few-Shot Intent Detection (GFSID) is challenging and realistic
because it needs to categorize both seen and novel intents simultaneously.
Previous GFSID methods rely on the episodic learning paradigm, which makes it
hard to extend to a generalized setup as they do not explicitly learn the
classification of seen categories and the knowledge of seen intents. To address
the dilemma, we propose to convert the GFSID task into the class incremental
learning paradigm. Specifically, we propose a two-stage learning framework,
which sequentially learns the knowledge of different intents in various periods
via prompt learning. And then we exploit prototypes for categorizing both seen
and novel intents. Furthermore, to achieve the transfer knowledge of intents in
different stages, for different scenarios we design two knowledge preservation
methods which close to realistic applications. Extensive experiments and
detailed analyses on two widely used datasets show that our framework based on
the class incremental learning paradigm achieves promising performance.Comment: Under Revie
Integrated analysis of the structure and function of bacterial community in water and shrimp intestine microbes reveals their interaction
Shrimp is closely associated with different microbial populations of the gut and the environment, particularly of the
water. Despite significant microbiome research in shrimp, a direct relationship between the shrimp's gut microbiota and the
habitat environment remains unclear. The bacterial profiles of the shrimp intestine and its aqueous environment were compared
by compiling data from earlier research to characterize the dynamic interaction between shrimp and habitat. According to the
integrated analysis, shrimp, water, and sediment all had significant operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with shrimp intestine
having less OTUs and sediment having more. Furthermore, 66 biological activities were shown to be common in shrimp and
water bacteria, including nitrate reduction, methylotrophy, methanol oxidation, intracellular parasites, human infectious
diarrhoea, fermentation, and others. These mechanisms might represent the primary bacterial processes related with intestine
function, revealing new information on shrimp and water ecology. Although the relative abundances in the bacterial composition
were different in shrimp intestine, water and sediment, the bacterial communities were almost similar, indicating the close
interaction between host and the environment in microbiome. Notably, the significant distribution of disease-related pathogens
including Vibrio and Flavobacterium in shrimp intestine and habitat water provided valuable information for disease prediction
and shrimp health management in the aquaculture industry. In summary, many common microbes and bacterial processes that
occur in the shrimp intestine and surrounding environment were revealed, and further functional analysis might help to modulate
these processes to promote shrimp development and health
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