Effect of Pulse Frequency on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2198 Al-Li Alloy Joints Obtained by Ultrahigh-Frequency Pulse AC CMT Welding

In this study, 2198 Al-Li alloy, a low density and high-performance material for aerospace equipment, was welded using ultrahigh-frequency pulse alternating current with cold metal transfer (UHF-ACCMT). Influence of different ultrahigh-frequency on the formation, porosity, microstructure, microhardness and tensile strength of the welded joints were investigated. The results showed that the coupled ultrahigh-frequency current generated electromagnetic force to stir the liquid metal of molten pool. The weld formation became much better with metallic luster and uniform ripples at frequency of 60 kHz and 70 kHz. The porosity was the minimum at frequency of 60 kHz. Furthermore, the molten pool was scoured and stirred by the electromagnetic force which provided the thermal and dynamic conditions for nucleation and grain refinement, the width of fine equiaxed grain zone became larger, and the number of equiaxed non-dendrite grains increased. With the grain refining and crystallize transition, the average microhardness and tensile strength of the joints at frequency of 60 kHz reached up the highest value, 116 HV0.1 and 338 MPa, respectively. The fracture of the welded joints presented the characteristics of quasi-cleavage fracture

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Oil–Water Interface Behavior of Modified Graphene Oxide and Its Effect on Interfacial Phenomena

Graphene oxide, as a new two-dimensional material, has a large specific surface area, high thermal stability, excellent mechanical stability and exhibits hydrophilic properties. By combining the carboxyl groups on the surface of graphene oxide with hydrophilic groups, surfactant-like polymers can be obtained. In this paper, based on the molecular dynamics method combined with the first nature principle, we first determine the magnitude of the binding energy of three different coupling agents—alkylamines, silane coupling agents, and haloalkanes—and analytically obtain the characteristics of the soft reaction. The high stability of alkylamines and graphene oxide modified by cetylamine, oil, and water models was also established. Then, three different chain lengths of simulated oil, modified graphene oxide–water solution, and oil-modified graphene oxide–water systems were established, and finally, the self-aggregation phenomenon and molecular morphology changes in modified graphene oxide at the oil–water interface were observed by an all-atom molecular dynamics model. The density profile, interfacial formation energy, diffusion coefficient and oil–water interfacial tension of modified graphene oxide molecules (NGOs) at three different temperatures of 300 K, 330 K, and 360 K were analyzed, as well as the relationship between the reduced interfacial tension and enhanced oil recovery (EOR)

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Oil–Water Interface Behavior of Modified Graphene Oxide and Its Effect on Interfacial Phenomena

Graphene oxide, as a new two-dimensional material, has a large specific surface area, high thermal stability, excellent mechanical stability and exhibits hydrophilic properties. By combining the carboxyl groups on the surface of graphene oxide with hydrophilic groups, surfactant-like polymers can be obtained. In this paper, based on the molecular dynamics method combined with the first nature principle, we first determine the magnitude of the binding energy of three different coupling agents—alkylamines, silane coupling agents, and haloalkanes—and analytically obtain the characteristics of the soft reaction. The high stability of alkylamines and graphene oxide modified by cetylamine, oil, and water models was also established. Then, three different chain lengths of simulated oil, modified graphene oxide–water solution, and oil-modified graphene oxide–water systems were established, and finally, the self-aggregation phenomenon and molecular morphology changes in modified graphene oxide at the oil–water interface were observed by an all-atom molecular dynamics model. The density profile, interfacial formation energy, diffusion coefficient and oil–water interfacial tension of modified graphene oxide molecules (NGOs) at three different temperatures of 300 K, 330 K, and 360 K were analyzed, as well as the relationship between the reduced interfacial tension and enhanced oil recovery (EOR)