208 research outputs found
An ADMM Solver for the MKL--SVM
We formulate the Multiple Kernel Learning (abbreviated as MKL) problem for
the support vector machine with the infamous -loss function. Some
first-order optimality conditions are given and then exploited to develop a
fast ADMM solver for the nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problem. A simple
numerical experiment on synthetic planar data shows that our MKL--SVM
framework could be promising.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to the 62nd IEEE Conference
on Decision and Control as a Regular paper, with a shortened version (arXiv
version 1) submitted to the 3rd Chinese Conference on Predictive Control and
Intelligent Decision (CPCID) as an Extended Abstrac
MKL--SVM
This paper presents a Multiple Kernel Learning (abbreviated as MKL) framework
for the Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the loss function. Some
KKT-like first-order optimality conditions are provided and then exploited to
develop a fast ADMM algorithm to solve the nonsmooth nonconvex optimization
problem. Numerical experiments on real data sets show that the performance of
our MKL--SVM is comparable with the one of the leading approaches
called SimpleMKL developed by Rakotomamonjy, Bach, Canu, and Grandvalet
[Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 9, pp. 2491-2521, 2008].Comment: 26 pages in the JMLR template, 3 figures, and 2 tables, submitted to
the Journal of Machine Learning Research, with minor text overlap with arXiv:
2303.04445 (conference version). arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:2303.0444
Marine Debris Detection in Satellite Surveillance using Attention Mechanisms
Marine debris is an important issue for environmental protection, but current
methods for locating marine debris are yet limited. In order to achieve higher
efficiency and wider applicability in the localization of Marine debris, this
study tries to combine the instance segmentation of YOLOv7 with different
attention mechanisms and explores the best model. By utilizing a labelled
dataset consisting of satellite images containing ocean debris, we examined
three attentional models including lightweight coordinate attention, CBAM
(combining spatial and channel focus), and bottleneck transformer (based on
self-attention). Box detection assessment revealed that CBAM achieved the best
outcome (F1 score of 77%) compared to coordinate attention (F1 score of 71%)
and YOLOv7/bottleneck transformer (both F1 scores around 66%). Mask evaluation
showed CBAM again leading with an F1 score of 73%, whereas coordinate attention
and YOLOv7 had comparable performances (around F1 score of 68%/69%) and
bottleneck transformer lagged behind at F1 score of 56%. These findings suggest
that CBAM offers optimal suitability for detecting marine debris. However, it
should be noted that the bottleneck transformer detected some areas missed by
manual annotation and displayed better mask precision for larger debris pieces,
signifying potentially superior practical performance
Forward and inverse problems for Eikonal equation based on DeepONet
Seismic forward and inverse problems are significant research areas in
geophysics. However, the time burden of traditional numerical methods hinders
their applications in scenarios that require fast predictions. Machine
learning-based methods also have limitations as retraining is required for
every change in initial conditions. In this letter, we adopt deep operator
network (DeepONet) to solve forward and inverse problems based on the Eikonal
equation, respectively. DeepONet approximates the operator through two
sub-networks, branch net and trunk net, which offers good generalization and
flexibility. Different structures of DeepONets are proposed to respectively
learn the operators in forward and inverse problems. We train the networks on
different categories of datasets separately, so that they can deliver accurate
predictions with different initial conditions for the specific velocity model.
The numerical results demonstrate that DeepONet can not only predict the travel
time fields with different sources for different velocity models, but also
provide velocity models based on the observed travel time data.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Topological Transformation and Free-Space Transport of Photonic Hopfions
Structured light fields embody strong spatial variations of polarisation,
phase and amplitude. Understanding, characterization and exploitation of such
fields can be achieved through their topological properties. Three-dimensional
(3D) topological solitons, such as hopfions, are 3D localized continuous field
configurations with nontrivial particle-like structures, that exhibit a host of
important topologically protected properties. Here, we propose and demonstrate
photonic counterparts of hopfions with exact characteristics of Hopf fibration,
Hopf index, and Hopf mapping from real-space vector beams to homotopic
hyperspheres representing polarisation states. We experimentally generate
photonic hopfions with on-demand high-order Hopf indices and independently
controlled topological textures, including N\'eel-, Bloch-, and anti-skyrmionic
types. We also demonstrate a robust free-space transport of photonic hopfions,
thus, showing potential of hopfions for developing optical topological
informatics and communications
Selection and mutation on microRNA target sequences during rice evolution
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) posttranscriptionally down-regulate gene expression by binding target mRNAs. Analysis of the evolution of miRNA binding sites is helpful in understanding the co-evolution between miRNAs and their targets. To understand this process in plants a comparative analysis of miRNA-targeted duplicated gene pairs derived from a well-documented whole genome duplication (WGD) event in combination with a population genetics study of six experimentally validated miRNA binding sites in rice (<it>O. sativa</it>) was carried out.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 1,331 pairs of duplicate genes from the WGD, 41 genes (29 pairs) were computationally predicted to be miRNA targets. Sequence substitution analysis indicated that the synonymous substitution rate was significantly lower in the miRNA binding sites than their 5' and 3' flanking regions. Of the 29 duplicated gene pairs, 17 have only one paralog been targeted by a miRNA. This could be due to either gain of a miRNA binding site after the WGD or because one of the duplicated genes has escaped from being a miRNA target after the WGD (loss of miRNA binding site). These possibilities were distinguished by separating miRNAs conserved in both dicots and monocot plants from rice-specific miRNAs and by phylogenetic analysis of miRNA target gene families. The gain/loss rate of miRNA binding sites was estimated to be 3.0 × 10<sup>-9 </sup>gain/loss per year. Most (70.6%) of the gains/losses were due to nucleotide mutation. By analysis of cultivated (<it>O. sativa</it>; <it>n </it>= 30) and wild (<it>O. rufipogon</it>; <it>n </it>= 15) rice populations, no segregating site was observed in six miRNA binding sites whereas 0.12–0.20 SNPs per 21-nt or 1.53–1.80 × 10<sup>-3 </sup>of the average pairwise nucleotide diversity (π) were found in their flanking regions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Both molecular evolution and population genetics support the hypothesis that conservation of miRNA binding sites is maintained by purifying selection through elimination of deleterious alleles. Nucleotide mutations play a major role in the gain/loss of miRNA binding sites during evolution.</p
Estimating the Impact of foregrounds on the Future Detection of Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by neutral
hydrogen shortly after recombination leaves frequency-dependent imprints on
intensity and polarization fluctuations. High signal-to-noise observations of
CMB Rayleigh scattering would provide additional insight into the physics of
recombination, including greater constraining power for parameters like the
primordial helium fraction, the light relic density, and the sum of neutrino
masses. However, such a measurement of CMB Rayleigh scattering is challenging
due to the presence of astrophysical foregrounds, which are more intense at the
high frequencies, where the effects of Rayleigh scattering are most prominent.
Here we forecast the detectability of CMB Rayleigh scattering including
foreground removal using blind internal linear combination methods for a set of
near-future surveys. We show that atmospheric effects for ground-based
observatories and astrophysical foregrounds pose a significant hindrance to
detecting CMB Rayleigh scattering with experiments planned for this decade,
though a high-significance measurement should be possible with a future CMB
satellite.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figure
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