164 research outputs found
Empirical Bayes estimation: When does -modeling beat -modeling in theory (and in practice)?
Empirical Bayes (EB) is a popular framework for large-scale inference that
aims to find data-driven estimators to compete with the Bayesian oracle that
knows the true prior. Two principled approaches to EB estimation have emerged
over the years: -modeling, which constructs an approximate Bayes rule by
estimating the marginal distribution of the data, and -modeling, which
estimates the prior from data and then applies the learned Bayes rule. For the
Poisson model, the prototypical examples are the celebrated Robbins estimator
and the nonparametric MLE (NPMLE), respectively. It has long been recognized in
practice that the Robbins estimator, while being conceptually appealing and
computationally simple, lacks robustness and can be easily derailed by
"outliers" (data points that were rarely observed before), unlike the NPMLE
which provides more stable and interpretable fit thanks to its Bayes form. On
the other hand, not only do the existing theories shed little light on this
phenomenon, but they all point to the opposite, as both methods have recently
been shown optimal in terms of the \emph{regret} (excess over the Bayes risk)
for compactly supported and subexponential priors with exact logarithmic
factors.
In this paper we provide a theoretical justification for the superiority of
NPMLE over Robbins for heavy-tailed data by considering priors with bounded
th moment previously studied for the Gaussian model. For the Poisson model
with sample size , assuming (for otherwise triviality arises), we show
that the NPMLE with appropriate regularization and truncation achieves a total
regret , which is minimax optimal within
logarithmic factors. In contrast, the total regret of Robbins estimator (with
similar truncation) is and hence suboptimal
by a polynomial factor
All-condition pulse detection using a magnetic sensor
A plethora of wearable devices have been developed or commercialized for
continuous non-invasive monitoring of physiological signals that are crucial
for preventive care and management of chronic conditions. However, most of
these devices are either sensitive to skin conditions or its interface with the
skin due to the requirement that the external stimuli such as light or
electrical excitation must penetrate the skin to detect the pulse. This often
results in large motion artefacts and unsuitability for certain skin
conditions. Here, we demonstrate a simple fingertip-type device which can
detect clear pulse signals under all conditions, including fingers covered by
opaque substances such as a plaster or nail polish, or fingers immersed in
liquid. The device has a very simple structure, consisting of only a pair of
magnets and a magnetic sensor. We show through both experiments and simulations
that the detected pulsation signals correspond directly to the magnet
vibrations caused by blood circulation, and therefore, in addition to heartrate
detection, the proposed device can also be potentially used for blood pressure
measurement
A throughput Fast Measurement Method for Two-Antenna Equipped Wireless MIMO Terminals
According to the Third Generation Partnership Project Specification, a Period of 8-12.8 H is Required to Evaluate the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Performance of a Wireless Terminal for a Single Frequency Point and Channel Model Combination. the Following Article Proposes a Semi-Simulation, Semi-Measurement-Based MIMO throughput Modeling Scheme Which Can Reduce the 8-12.8-H Measurement Time to 40-60 Min, Corresponding to More Than a Ten Times Improvement of the Test Efficiency, Without Loss of the Test Accuracy
Interference enhancement of Raman signal of graphene
Raman spectroscopic studies of graphene have attracted much interest. The
G-band Raman intensity of a single layer graphene on Si substrate with 300 nm
SiO2 capping layer is surprisingly strong and is comparable to that of bulk
graphite. To explain this Raman intensity anomaly, we show that in addition to
the interference due to multiple reflection of the incident laser, the multiple
reflection of the Raman signal inside the graphene layer must be also accounted
for. Further studies of the role of SiO2 layer in the enhancement Raman signal
of graphene are carried out and an enhancement factor of ~30 is achievable,
which is very significant for the Raman studies. Finally, we discuss the
potential application of this enhancement effect on other ultra-thin films and
nanoflakes and a general selection criterion of capping layer and substrate is
given.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures to be published in Applied Physics Letter
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