Superposed Degenerate Parametric Oscillator with Coherent Light

In this paper, we have studied the statistical and squeezing properties of the light produced by superposed light beams generating by a pair of degenerate parametric oscillator whose cavity mode is driven by a coherent light and is coupled to a vacuum reservoir via a single port mirror. We obtain c-number Langevin equation associated with the normal ordering using the pertinent master equation. Employing the solution of the c-number Langevin equation and the density operator, we have determined the mean and the variance photon number, quadrature variances and squeezing spectrum of the superposed light beams

Review on Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Ethiopia and Its Economic Welfare Implications

Urbanization is occurring rapidly throughout Ethiopia, as populations are increasingly migrating from rural areas to major cities. Vegetables constitute an important part of the human diet since they contain carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibers required for human health. However, these plants contain both essential and toxic metals over a wide range of concentrations. Heavy metal contamination of the food items is one of the most important aspects of food quality assurance. The most common heavy metal contaminants are Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. Metals are natural components in soil. Some of these metals are micronutrients necessary for plant growth, such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co, while others have unknown biological function, such as Cd, Pb, and Hg. There is a strong link between micronutrient nutrition of plants, animals and humans and the uptake and impact of contaminants in these organisms. The content of essential elements in plants is conditional, the content being affected by the characteristics of the soil and the ability of plants to selectively accumulate some metals. They are also known to have effect on plant growth, ground cover and have a negative impact on soil. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables is influenced by many factors such as climate, atmospheric depositions, the concentrations of heavy metals in soils, the nature of soil and the degree of maturity of the plants at the time of the harvest. Water pollution by heavy metals is mainly caused by point source emissions from mining activities and a wide variety of industries. The studies undertake to determine the concentration of heavy metals in soils, as well as on the vegetable grown in the vicinity of industrial areas and contaminated irrigation water in Ethiopia indicated that Vegetables grown in such lands, contaminated with heavy metals and unsafe for consumption. Prolonged human consumption of unsafe concentrations of heavy metals in food stuffs may lead to the disruption of numerous biological and biochemical processes in the human body, the chronic accumulation of heavy metals in the kidney and liver of humans causing disruption of numerous biochemical processes, leading to cardiovascular, nervous, and kidney and bone diseases. Heavy metals have greatest health risk to both adult and children consumers of vegetables grown in contaminated soil and water. Keywords: Heavy metals, Waste water, Vegetables, Health ris

Determinants of Raw Milk Supply and Value Addition Participation in Mecha Woreda, Amhara National Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Dairy sector has important role in supporting the national economy and livelihood of milk producers. Milk producers are one of key actors that play great role along the dairy value chain in the study area. Milk producers’ participation in milk and milk products marketing played roles in improving household welfare, and also means improved food security and reduced poverty. Though there are studies conducted on milk production, processing and utilization, there is insufficient information on determinants of milk producers’milk supply and milk value addition participation in Mecha woreda.   Thus, this study was conducted in Mecha woreda with objectives of analyzing determinants of smallholder milk producers’ participation decisions and intensity in cow milk supply and value addition. Formal survey techniques were employed to collect data. The data were collected from 200 milk producers using systematic random sampling techniques. Bivariate probit model was employed for participation decisions while recursive bivariate tobit model was used to analyze determinants of participation intensities. The econometric model result revealed that age of household head, number of local cows owned, distance of dairy products market, household milk consumption, family size, dairy farm experience, milk yield size per day, and membership in dairy cooperatives were influential variables that affected milk supply participation decision significantly. The household land size, milk consumption, distance of dairy market, milk yield per day, cooperative membership and milk market experience affected milk supply participation intensity significantly. Value addition participation decision was influenced by land size, distance of market and value addition experience positively and significantly. Distance of dairy product market, dairy farm experience, and membership in dairy cooperatives influenced value addition participation intensity significantly. In this study, improving market access by increasing number of dairy cooperatives, road and infrastructures, upgrading traditional milk products, introducing labor saving technologies, and empowering cooperatives and producers are recommended to increase smallholders’ participation in dairy products marketing. Keywords: Bivariate Tobit-Probit, milk supply participation, value addition participation DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/65-01 Publication date: February 29th 202

Ababa: Pathfinder International/Ethiopia Determinants of Tax Compliance Behavior in Category “C” Business Income Tax Payers in Gozamen District, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate determinants of tax compliance behavior in category “C” business income tax payers in Gozamen woreda / district/. To this end, the researcher follows quantitative research approach and descriptive research design. The researcher used cross sectional primary data collected from 318 category C business income tax payers selected with simple random sampling techniques. The study employed both descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics methods of data analysis. The descriptive statistics was summarized using average, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, percentage and frequency, and it was also presented in the form of multipurpose table, bar graph and histo-graph inferential statistics Binary Logit model was applied. The study finding reveled that tax compliance behavior is negatively affected by the influence of referent group and experience on business activity at 1 percent level of significance but positively influenced by legal sanction and penalty which is statistically significant at 1percent level of significance. Based on the above findings, the researcher recommends that, to improve the probability of tax compliance behavior of category “C” business income tax payers, Gozamen Woreda Revenue office  should create awareness in reducing the influence of referent group on tax payer, create awareness of experienced business man to rise tax compliance behavior and finally after awareness creation, impose legal sanction  and penalty or enforcing tax laws and regulation to rise tax complaince behaviour of category C business income tax payers in the study area . Keywords:-Determinants, Tax compliance behavior, Gozamen district, Binary logit model. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/10-17-02 Publication date:September 30th 201

Policy Brief of Common Grazing Land Management in the Northern Highland Ethiopia: Review

Ethiopia is the highest with livestock population in Africa and its growth is increasing with population growth. Small holder farmers’ livelihood and the country national income is depending on livestock and crop production.  In the livestock sector, free grazing is the major feeding livestock system and communal grazing land is the main feeding source. Poor communal grazing land management leads overgrazing of communal grazing land followed by environmental degradation in particular soil erosion.   The government realized the problems but the policy effectiveness on communal grazing land is not reviewed well. This paper aimed to review common grazing land management and the policy and its effectiveness in the northern highland of Ethiopia.  The livestock population is increasing dramatically so that it is becoming high threat for common grazing land. Livestock policy was adopted in Ethiopia but the implementation is weak due to low enforcement mechanism for common grazing management. To overcome the common grazing land management problem in the near time, disincentive policies like tax per head, need to encourage private investment, increase livestock productivity and need to adopt optimum allocation livestock stock rate. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/81-02 Publication date: December 31st 202

Impact of Broad Money Supply on Economic Growth of Ethiopia

This study is targeted to examine the impact of money supply on Real GDP of Ethiopia. The data used for this study was a time serious (2002-2017) data obtained from national bank of Ethiopia Annual report. The data is analyzed using Vector Autoregressive model and causality test to check the short causality between broad money supply and Real GDP growth in Ethiopia and the result of both tests revealed that broader money supply has positive significant effect on real GDP and statically significant at 5 percent level. However, Johansen co-integration test result shows that there is no long run association ship running from broader money supply to real GDP.The policy implication was that any short run fluctuation in country’s broad money supply level by monetary policy officials will bring a significant positive impact on Real GDP in the short run . Keywords: Broader money supply, Real GDP Impact, Vector Auto Regressive model DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/12-5-01 Publication date:March 31st 202

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic advance of Growth and Yield Components of Garlic (Allium sativm L.) Germplasms

Thirty six garlic genotypes were evaluated at Debre Markos University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources research field during 2015 for seven quantitative traits to estimate the nature and magnitude of variability for yield and yield related characters with the help of genetic parameters. The experiment was arranged in simple lattice design with two replications. The analysis of variance revealed that there were highly significant (p<0.01) differences among the germplasms for most of the characters. The higher phenotypic variance (490.4) was obtained from total bulb yield and clove number (115.3). Plant height (19.81), Clove number (55.83), and Total bulb yield (290) had larger genotypic variance. High genotypic coefficient of variation (31.69%) was recorded from clove weight, clove number (23.1%), bulb weight (28.86%) and total bulb yield (28.87%).  The lowest GCV was recorded from leaf number (5.71%). Medium heritability estimates ranging from (22.82 %) to (59.16 %). Among the yield characters, medium heritability was recorded by Plant height (31.5%), leaf length (43.85%), and clove weight (49.87%) clove number (48.4%), Bulb weight (59.16) and Total bulb yield (59.13). There is positive correlation of yield and yield related parameters. Generally, the present study indicated that the presence of the presence of diversity between germplasms to exploit the genetic improvement of the garlic crop through hybridization and simple selection methods. Keywords: Heritability, GCV, PCV, Genetic advance

The Impact of Rural Saving and Credit Cooperative on Multidimensional Poverty Status: Evidence from Rular Households in Awabel District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Multidimensional poverty is the problem of every country in the world; hence, it needs the attention of policy makers and various development actors like cooperatives. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of saving and credit cooperative financial service on multidimensional poverty status of rural household in Awabel district. The specific objectives of the study is to examine the impact of saving and credit cooperative financial service on multidimensional poverty status of rural households, to identify determinants of multidimensional poverty status of rural households, to identify the dimension of household poverty affected by saving and credit cooperatives financial services. The study adopts a cross sectional, and quantitative research design. The target population was 4,675 actively registered RuSACCO members’ households. The sample size was a total of 380 i.e190 members as a treated group and 190 nonmembers as counterfactual obtained through multi-stage sampling techniques .The data is primary data collected through household survey.For data analysis firstly, binary logit models is used to identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty status of rural households; and the finding revealed multidimensional poverty status of rural household has negative relationship between RuSACCO membership status (-4.2%), size of cultivated landholdings (-5%), access for agricultural extension service (-4.01%), and access for road (-1.7%) and are all statistically significant at 1% level. Moreover, there was a negative relationship between experience of household head on agricultural activity (-0.15%) and statistically significant at 5% level, the risen in educational status of household head from illiterate to literate, primary to secondary and from secondary to higher education goes dawn multidimensional poverty status by-1.8%, -3% and -4.3% and all are statistically significance at 1% level It is also found that, there were positive relationship between, multidimensional poverty status of rural households and dependency ratio (0.11%) at 5% level of significance) in Awabel district. Secondly ,propensity score match model is applied to examine the impact of RuSACCO financial service on multidimensional poverty status of rural households, and the finding revealed that, financial service of RuSACCO had reduce the multidimensional poverty index of rural household by 0.082898018 on average for members .The findings also showed that the RuSACCOs financial service has reduced health dimension of poverty by 0.036242775, the educational dimension of poverty by 0.018915905standard of living dimension of poverty by 0.0152, on average for RuSACCO members compare to that of non members. It is recommended the government should give special attention for organization and promotion of cooperative. Cooperative extension workers should advice members of RuSACCO to spend their financial service on health, education and standard of livings respectively. Increase productivity per size of cultivated landholding, work hard to bring literate farmers, work against reducing young age dependency, rising road accessibility, increase the accessibility of agricultural extension workers, and experience sharing among farmers to reduce the multidimensional status of rural household’s members in Awabe district. Keywords: RuSACCOs financial service, Multidimensional poverty, Awabel district in Amahara region, propensity score matching model. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-9-02 Publication date:September 30th 2019

Selection Progress on Growth and Milk Production Performance of Indigenous Abergelle Goat Breed under on Station Condition in Wag-Himra, Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Aybera main animal breeding and feeding experimental site in Wag-Himra administrative zone in Amhara regional state, in Ethiopia. The site was established to conserve the indigenous Abergelle goat breed and improve the performance growth and milk production traits through selective breeding. A total of 516 kids for body weight, and 304 does for milk yield performance were used for this study. Animals were managed semi-intensively where they were arranged into pasture lands during day time with concentrate supplementation . Selection was based on bucks which was done once in a year using indexed estimated breeding value of yearling weight and their respective dam milk yield performances. Top-ranked bucks selected from the flock were used as replacements at the nucleus while the surplus bucks disseminated to nearby villages. The general linear model procedure of SAS software (version 9.0) was employed to evaluate the body weight and milk yield of the breed during the last five years (2016-2020). The overall birth-, three month-, six month-, nine month- and yearling weights were 1.98, 6.5, 8.6, 11.4, and 13.8 kg, respectively. The overall lactation milk yield, average daily milk yield and lactation length were 17.64 kg, 0.30 kg and 8.45 weeks, respectively. Within the last five consecutive selection years birth weight has increased from 1.64±0.04 to 2.3±0.02 kg, weaning weight from 5.6±0.25 to 7.5±0.15kg, and yearling weight from 13±0.43 to 15.2±0.27kg. All the fixed effects of birth type, parity, season and year of birth had significantly affected the birth weight. The pre-weaning and post-weaning body weights of kids were affected by the selection year. Wet season birth was important for increasing milk production and lactation length.Nucleus flocks in station the growth traits and milk traits  can be improved  by selection and selection at the station  at once a year . The Selection of breeding bucks should be at  age of  six month.The station should be stop the inlet of does from the market. Keywords: Abegelle goat ,dissemination, Nucleus, partial open,selection DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/122-03 Publication date:July 31st 2023

The Impact of Microfinance on Multidimensional Poverty Status of Rural Households in Gozamen District, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

Microfinance aimed at breaking the vicious circle of poverty in Ethiopia mainly by providing loan service for rural households. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of microfinance loan service on multidimensional poverty status of rural households by taking evidence from Amhara Credit and Saving Association. To attain this objective, the researchers collect primary data by using household survey from the total of 290 sample sizes 145 from treated group and 145 from non treated group respondents by using quasi experimental design. To analyze the data, the resrahcers employed descriptive statistics and inferential statics. The propensity score matching model result reveled that microfinance loan service has a negatively impact on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households. It is also found that microfinance loan service has reduced standard of living, health and educational dimensions of poverty respectively for rural households of the study area. It is recommended that  government should give special attention to support microfinance’s who support the rural poor household heads and improve the awareness level of farmers about its role towards poverty reduction . Keywords:-Microfinance loan, Multidimensional poverty, Impact, Propensity score matching model, Gozamen district DOI: 10.7176/JPID/53-04 Publication date:March 31st 202