Development of Korean Smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth.

This study developed a Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) based on the existing internet and cellular phone addiction scales. For the development of this scale, 29 items (1.5 times the final number of items) were initially selected as preliminary items, based on the previous studies on internet/phone addiction as well as the clinical experience of involved experts. The preliminary scale was administered to a nationally representative sample of 795 students in elementary, middle, and high schools across South Korea. Then, final 15 items were selected according to the reliability test results. The final scale consisted of four subdomains: (1) disturbance of adaptive functions, (2) virtual life orientation, (3) withdrawal, and (4) tolerance. The final scale indicated a high reliability with Cronbach's α of .880. Support for the scale's criterion validity has been demonstrated by its relationship to the internet addiction scale, KS-II (r  =  .49). For the analysis of construct validity, we tested the Structural Equation Model. The results showed the four-factor structure to be valid (NFI  =  .943, TLI  =  .902, CFI  =  .902, RMSEA  =  .034). Smartphone addiction is gaining a greater spotlight as possibly a new form of addiction along with internet addiction. The SAPS appears to be a reliable and valid diagnostic scale for screening adolescents who may be at risk of smartphone addiction. Further implications and limitations are discussed

Reliability of the Grading System for Fatty Degeneration of Rotator Cuff Muscles

Fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles is considered one of the most important factors for the outcomes of cuff repair. However, the reliability of the grading system is not well validated. Two specialists in musculoskeletal radiology and three shoulder fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons reviewed the fatty degeneration grades of each cuff muscle of consecutive 75 full-thickness cuff tears. Fatty degeneration grades were assessed according to the systems of Goutallier et al. and Fuchs et al. using preoperative MR and postoperative CT arthrographies. The interclass correlation coefficient was analyzed to assess interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities. For interobserver reliability using the system of Goutallier et al. the interclass correlation coefficient was higher in MR arthrography (0.6–0.72) than in CT arthrography (0.43–0.6) and higher for radiologists (0.58–0.78) than for orthopaedic surgeons (0.32–0.68). There was no difference between the systems of Goutallier et al. and Fuchs et al. Intraobserver reliabilities showed a similar pattern (0.26–0.81), but the level of experience should be considered. Although the system of Goutallier et al. is most widely used in orthopaedics, reported data should be interpreted carefully because of the relatively low reliability

Correlation analysis between SAPS and the Mental Health Problems Scale.

<p>1, Disturbance of Adaptive Functions; 2, Virtual Life Orientation; 3, Withdrawal; 4, Tolerance; 5, Mental Health Problems Scale.</p

Final Items.

<p>* Reverse-coded items.</p

Regression coefficients of observable variables regarding each factor.

<p>1, Disturbance of Adaptive Functions; 2, Virtual Life Orientation; 3, Withdrawal; 4, Tolerance; 5, Mental Health Problems Scale.</p><p>***<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Correlation analyses between SAPS and KS-II.

<p>1, Disturbance of Adaptive Functions; 2, Virtual Life Orientation; 3, Withdrawal; 4, Tolerance; 5, Total Score.</p

Selection of Final Items through Reliability Analysis on Subscales.

<p>Selection of Final Items through Reliability Analysis on Subscales.</p