Assessment of Bacterial Blight Pathogens Prevalent on Dry Bean and Identification of Sources of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Root Rot in North Dakota

Bacterial blights and root rots are two major diseases affecting dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in North Dakota and Minnesota (Venette and Lamey 1998). Bacterial blights of dry bean are commonly caused by three bacterial pathogens, namely Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp), Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), which can appear either together or independently under natural conditions. The bacterial portion of this study involved ascertaining the extent of incidence of bacterial blight in the major dry bean production areas of ND through surveys, determining the prevalence of Psp and Pss and screening a collection of commercial varieties from different market classes for resistance to these two bacterial pathogens. In this study, more than 50% of the fields surveyed in all the major dry bean producing counties, including Grand Forks, Pembina, Traill and Walsh from year 2008 to 2010, were found to have been affected by bacterial blight. Among the bacterial diseases, bacterial brown spot (caused by Pss) appeared to be the most prevalent. Representative isolates for both Psp and Pss randomly selected from the survey were used for pathogenicity tests and confirmed to be pathogenic. Race typing of the Psp isolates confirmed the presence of the races 6 and 8 in the field samples with race 6 being the most common. Susceptibility of the 11 varieties used in this study was also variable. Difference in aggressiveness was observed among the Psp isolates

On the Tau-Cycle Condition

AbstractThere is a set of equivalence conditions for the orthonormality of the compactly supported scaling functions. Among them, there is the Cohen's τ-cycle condition. In order to answer the question whether it is enough to check this condition by a finite number of points, we study the τ-cycles in more detail

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MOVIE CHARACTERS: THE CASE OF THE TAG-ALONG

The types of Taiwanese films are becoming more and more abundant, especially those with “thriller” or “horror” elements. In addition to the increase in these types of film production, there are more brilliant box office performances. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a more in-depth analysis of this type of films. Analyzing the role design and plot direction in the films, so that there is a narrative structure can be referenced in this type of works. This study adopted text analysis, and coupled with the character functions theory proposed by scholar Propp. This study analyzed the functionalities of the main characters in the famous domestic movie “The Tag-Along”. The research results show that there are 6 types of functional characters in “The Tag-Along”: the villain, the helper, the donor, the dispatcher, the hero and the princess. In the 31 character functions listed by Propp, the film contains 18 of them, and these 18 functions are used to describe the story. The film of thriller and horror types are still developing in Taiwan, and the researchers expect to use this research result to find the narrative structure of this type of films. Filmmakers will have a basic structure for reference when creating such movies, and at the same time it extends the other possibilities of this type of films in the development of characters and plots

Increased ATP generation in the host cell is required for efficient vaccinia virus production

To search for cellular genes up-regulated by vaccinia virus (VV) infection, differential display-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ddRT-PCR) assays were used to examine the expression of mRNAs from mock-infected and VV-infected HeLa cells. Two mitochondrial genes for proteins that are part of the electron transport chain that generates ATP, ND4 and CO II, were up-regulated after VV infection. Up-regulation of ND4 level by VV infection was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Up-regulation of ND4 was reduced by the MAPK inhibitor, apigenin, which has been demonstrated elsewhere to inhibit VV replication. The induction of ND4 expression occurred after viral DNA replication since ara C, an inhibitor of poxviral DNA replication, could block this induction. ATP production was increased in the host cells after VV infection. Moreover, 4.5 μM oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP production, reduced the ATP level 13 hr after virus infection to that of mock-infected cells and inhibited viral protein expression and virus production, suggesting that increased ATP production is required for efficient VV production. Our results further suggest that induction of ND4 expression is through a Bcl-2 independent pathway

Interaction-induced first order correlation between spatially-separated 1D dipolar fermions

We calculate the ground-state properties of fermionic dipolar atoms or molecules in a one-dimensional double-tube potential by using the Luttinger liquid theory and the density matrix renormalization-group calculation. When the external field is applied near a magic angle with respect to the double-tube plane, the long-ranged dipolar interaction can generate a spontaneous correlation between fermions in different tubes, even when the bare intertube tunneling rate is negligibly small. Such interaction-induced correlation strongly enhances the contrast of the interference fringes and therefore can be easily observed in the standard time-of-flight experiment.Comment: Same as the published versio